School of Social Work, Psychology & Philosophy
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Item Adopting VR in the classroom: Perceptions of bilingual and ESL education pre-service teachers(EDMETIC, 2022) Figueroa Flores, Jorge F.; Huffman, Lisa; Lozada, Victor; Rosa-Dávila, EmarelyVirtual reality (VR) is an immersive technology that is gaining momentum in education and has led to new teaching approaches. Moreover, it has spark interest in educator preparation programs and especially in the training of bilingual and ESL pre- service teachers. This article showcases a qualitative study conducted with n=27 undergraduate bilingual and ESL pre-service teachers. The study sought to determine the perception of bilingual and ESL pre-service teachers with VR and provide an understanding of VR mobile applications' experiences. All results were obtained from guided reflections made by pre-service teachers enrolled in the course theories of second language acquisition for ESL and bilingual teacher at a university located in north Texas. A content analysis was performed to analyze the reflections, and three categories were determined: strengths of VR, limitations of VR, and VR mobile applications. The findings revealed a positive perception towards the strengths of VR with 60%, including promotes student engagement (41%) and motivates students (29%). On the other hand, pre-service teachers perceived limitations of VR, including associated costs (44%) and the ability to access the internet (31%). Finally, VR mobile applications which offered VR tours were perceived to enhance learning experiences, including Google Expeditions (51%) and VR Tube (23%).Item Assessing attitudes toward Covid-19 prevention: Defining two attitudes crucial for understanding systemic and social variables associated with disparities(Springer, 2021) Rivers, Alannah Shelby; Clifton, Mona; Pizzuto, Alexandra E.; Buchanan, Ashley; Sanford, KeithThis study tested a conceptual model identifying two distinct types of attitudes people may have toward following recommendations to prevent COVID-19. These attitudes were expected to be important for understanding types of systemic and social variables associated with health disparities such as racial discrimination, residential environment, lack of healthcare access, and negative healthcare experiences. The conceptual model was drawn from previous work examining adherence to medical recommendations that identified two distinct and consequential attitudes that influence behavior: perceived benefit (believing recommendations are effective and necessary) and perceived burden (experiencing recommendations as unpleasant or difficult). Approximately equal proportions of Black and White individuals living in the USA (N = 194) were recruited to complete an online survey. A psychometric analysis indicated that perceived benefit and burden attitudes were two distinct and meaningful dimensions that could be assessed with high validity, and scales demonstrated measurement invariance across Black and White groups. In correlation analyses, benefit and burden attitudes were robustly associated with neighborhood violence, healthcare access, and healthcare experiences (but not with experiences of discrimination), and all these associations remained significant after accounting for subjective stress and political affiliation. These findings have implications for increasing compliance to public health recommendations and addressing health disparities.Item Attachment-based family therapy versus nondirective supportive therapy for lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning adolescents with depression, and suicidal ideation: An exploratory study(2023-09-21) Russon, Jody; Abbott, Caroline H.; Jin, Bora; Rivers, Alannah Shelby; Winston-Lindeboom, Payne; Kobak, Roger; Diamond, Guy S.Introduction Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) adolescents are particularly at risk for suicidal ideation; however, little clinical research is focused on treating this population. Attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) is among the few empirically supported youth suicide treatments adapted for LGBQ adolescents. The purpose of this exploratory study is to determine the differential treatment effects and rates of change for LGBQ and heterosexual adolescents with depression and suicidal ideation receiving either ABFT or family enhanced nondirective supportive therapy (FE-NST). Method The sample included 129 adolescents (31% LGBQ), ages 12–18 randomized to the two treatment groups. Multilevel modeling was used to examine individual changes in depression and suicidal ideation over the 16-week treatment. Results Results revealed that LGBQ adolescents in the ABFT condition showed a greater rate of reduction in depressive symptoms over treatment, slope = −0.94, p < 0.001, than did LGBQ adolescents in the NST condition, slope = −0.41, p = 0.12. Heterosexual adolescents showed symptom reduction in both treatment conditions (ABFT slope = −0.47, p < 0.001; NST slope = −0.79, t (113) = −7.48, p < 0.001). Changes in suicidal ideation were found across time, but not across conditions. Conclusion LGBQ adolescents in the ABFT condition had a sharper decrease in depressive symptoms and better outcomes at week 16.Item Attitudinal and social predictors of adherence to oral endocrine therapy: A psychometrically-informed model(SAGE, 2020) Rivers, Alannah Shelby; Sanford, Keith; Elkins, Gary; Carpenter, Janet S.; Rand, Kevin L.; Ellis, Rebecca J. BartlettThere is a need for a psychometrically-informed model identifying attitudinal and social factors explaining adherence to oral endocrine therapy (OET) for women with hormone receptor positive breast cancer. This study tested a model with variables selected by stringent psychometric criteria, including attitudes about benefit and burden, patient-practitioner alliance and confusion, and positive and negative interpersonal interactions. Self-report scales were completed by 150 current or past OET users. Fourteen correlations and six mediated pathways implied by the model were tested. All hypothesized associations were significant. This preliminary study suggests the model is a valuable framework for OET adherence research and intervention.Item Augustine, violence, and the novelty of Machiavelli(Genealogies of Modernity Project, 2022) Harding, BrianMachiavelli, despite his regular use of examples drawn from antiquity, consistently emphasizes the novelty of his approach to political philosophy. In The Prince, he is famously interested in, above all else, the problems faced by new princes. In his more explicitly republican work, The Discourses on Livy, Machiavelli points to the new modes and orders that his thinking will introduce. His insistence on his own novelty aside, what exactly can we say is new about Machiavelli?Item Barbarism and social media(Genealogies of Modernity Project, 2022) Harding, BrianPhilosophers have not entirely caught up with social media. To be sure, many philosophers use it, but this is not the same thing as philosophizing about it. This is lamentable, since the ubiquity of social media is one of the most obvious changes to society in the last twenty years. While some philosophers of technology have addressed it (George Myerson and Justin E.H. Smith come to mind), much of this discussion is about social media ethics. Although this is important, it is superficial compared to the sort of discussion we need. For if the French philosopher Michel Henry (1922–2002) is right, the advent of social media further exacerbates the alienation of modern people from their own inner lives, with profound social and spiritual consequences.Item Both trusting and understanding medical advice: Assessing patient alliance and confusion after medical consultations(Elsevier, 2020) Rivers, Alannah Shelby; Sanford, KeithObjective: The current objective is to validate the Medical Consultation Experience Questionnaire (MCEQ) and to examine distinctions between constructs of patient perceived alliance and experienced confusion in relation to key health outcomes.Item Collegiate skydivers: Do they fear death?(Individual Differences Association, Inc, 2005) Griffith, James D.; Hart, C. LanierSkydiving is considered to be among the most dangerous sporting activities in the world. Each time a skydiver exits an aircraft, they essentially face death. Although there is a relatively high risk of death compared to other sports, a large number of individuals participate in this activity in a recreational capacity. The present study compared 54 collegiate skydivers (high-risk) and 54 college students who never made a skydive (low-risk) on death anxiety. Death anxiety was measured using the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale (Lester & Abdel-Khalek, 2003). The analyses revealed that skydivers had lower levels of death anxiety on three of the four dimensions. This finding is in opposition of studies that have found that individuals working in death-risk occupations (e.g., police officer, firefighter) had higher death anxiety scores compared to control groups. Possible explanations for these divergent findings include the extent to which individuals have personal control over death-risk situations and self-esteem enhancement.Item Deception in psychotherapy: Frequency, typology and relationship(Wiley, 2019) Curtis, Drew A.; Hart, Christian L.Deception in therapy has been documented anecdotally through various narratives of therapists. The investigation of its occurrence within therapy has largely been overlooked. We explored the reported frequency of deception within psychotherapy, the types of deception used within therapy, the likelihood of people lying to a therapist compared to other groups of people, and client perceptions of the types of deception that therapists use. Ninety-one participants were provided with a series of deception examples, asked questions about the use of these types of deception within therapy, and asked generally about their use of deception in therapy. We found that a majority of the participants had been deceptive in therapy, and a majority were willing to be deceptive in future therapeutic contexts. Participants were more likely to use white lies than other forms of deception in therapy. Lastly, participants were less likely to lie to therapists compared to strangers and acquaintances. Implications for research and practice are discussed.Item Deceptive communication in the workplace: An examination of beliefs about verbal and paraverbal cues(Individual Differences Association, Inc., 2010) Hart, Christian L.; Fillmore, Derek; Griffith, JamesLies and other forms of deception in the workplace exact a tremendous financial toll on companies and organizations around the world. In this study, 240 employees from numerous businesses and municipal organizations completed a survey in which they indicated the degree to which they believed various aspects of communication change when people lie in the workplace. In support of the hypothesis, the employees held incorrect beliefs about fifteen of the eighteen verbal and paraverbal communication cues that were examined, suggesting that most employees may lack the information necessary to detect liars. The implications of these finding are discussed.Item Differentiating Between Youth with a History of Suicidal Thoughts, Plans, and Attempts(2023-02-24) Rivers, Alannah Shelby; Winston-Lindeboom, Payne; Atte, Tita; Rosen, Perri; Wintersteen, Matt; Watkins, Nicole Kathleen; Tien, Allen; Diamond, GuyLimited research has examined factors distinguishing between patterns of adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The current study examined demographic, school, family, and mental health differences across patterns identified by Romanelli and colleagues (2022): history of thoughts only, plans with thoughts, attempt with thoughts and/or plans, and attempt without thoughts. The current study includes 4,233 students (Mage = 14.65 years, SD = 2.06) with a history of suicide risk referred to school Student Assistance Program teams. The sample was approximately 60.7% female, 59.8% White (16.0% Black, 15.4% multiracial, 8.8% other), and 14.4% Hispanic. Results indicated that the “attempt without thoughts” group was small with no differentiating characteristics. However, membership in the other three groups was predicted by demographic, school, family, and mental health factors. These results support the importance of examining suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts as distinct indicators and assessing key biopsychosocial factors. Further research could improve how behavioral health systems identify at risk youth.Item Does information about the frequency of lying impact perceptions of honesty?(North American Journal of Psychology, 2021) Curtis, Drew A.; Levine, Timothy R.; Hart, Christian L.; Serota, Kim B.In the psychological research literature, deception is often discussed as a ubiquitous phenomenon. However, recent research has revealed that the mean of two lies per day is highly misleading due to a skewed distribution, with most people telling zero lies on any given day. We sought to explore how the presentation of statistics on lie frequency affects understandings of lie frequency, veracity judgments, behavioral intentions, beliefs about others' propensity to lie, suspicion, and attitudes. In Study 1, 176 participants were randomly exposed to two explanations of deception research findings that either described lying as ubiquitous or not. Results revealed that the differing explanations of lie frequency did not produce significance differences on the dependent measures. In Study 2, 114 participants were randomly assigned to watch a video of a researcher discussing one of three deception literature prompts. Results indicated that a more nuanced presentation of the skewed distribution of lie frequency led participants to believe that lying is less ubiquitous, but had no effect on veracity judgments, behavioral intention, beliefs about others' propensity to lie, suspicion, and attitudes. Implications and considerations for reporting lie frequency are discussed.Item Evaluation of the race card strategy: The importance of supporting evidence(Boise State University, 2007) Hart, Christian L.; Lopez, Edward P.; Griffith, James D.The role that racial issues play in the courtroom has been studied in terms of the effect of salient racial variables on juror perceptions and decision- making. However, no prior research examined the effects of using charges of racial bias by police officers as a criminal defense strategy. The “race card” strategy can be defined as the introduction of salient racial variables in an attempt to sway attitudes and beliefs of jurors or judges. In these two experiments, subjects reviewed fictional criminal case summaries in which the race card strategy was or was not used. Furthermore, evidence supporting the defendant claims of racial bias was introduced in some of the cases. The results indicated that when a defendant claimed arrest because of racial bias by the arresting officer, those claims resulted in significant reductions in juror perceptions of guilt. However, claims of racial bias were only effective when the defense produced further evidence supporting claims of racist attitudes or behaviors by the arresting officerItem Evolutionary perspectives in publications across subfields of psychology(The Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) Consortium, 2017) Hart, Christian L.; Morley, S.; Herzog, L.Across time, there has been variability in the degree to which evolutionary perspectives and explanations have been integrated within the prevailing theoretical perspectives in psychology as a whole and within the various subfields of psychology. In the current study, we explored recent (2004-2013) publication rates of papers presenting evolutionary perspectives within the top journals in eight sub-disciplinary areas of psychology. We selected the journals with the highest impact factor ratings in each sub-disciplinary area and searched for publications within those journals that utilized evolutionary-relevant terms (e.g., evolution, natural selection, etc.) in their abstracts. While the general experimental and multidisciplinary journals had the highest rates of evolutionary-themed publications, the applied areas had the lowest rates. Overall, a rather modest proportion of recent publications in psychology’s top journals integrate evolutionary perspectives.Item Exploring Distance Learning Experience among University Students(2023) Nahar, Shamsun; Islam, Shahima; Dellanbbia, Anna; Dey, Anik; Hyder, TasawarThe COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted educational systems worldwide, leading to the closure of schools and universities. As a result, schools and universities have been forced to modify the way teaching and learning occurs. Specifically, universities had to adopt alternate learning platforms to provide instructions to learners remotely. This study explores the effects of COVID-19 on learning experience among university students in Bangladesh. Exploring students’ perceptions and behavioral responses to learning identifies pedagogical obstacles and novel approaches to address the challenges. Following IRB approval, study data was drawn from 60 students by conducting ten focus groups at six public and private universities in Bangladesh. The findings of our study include five major themes: (1) “they were behind for almost two years;” (2) “the internet issue was a big problem;” (3) “financially, it impacted a lot;” (4) “I felt anxious, depressed, and hopeless;” and (5) “problems like headaches and back pain.” Findings of the study address the need to prioritize need-based support and increase capacities and related skills to provide education remotely in Bangladesh. Findings can also guide educators and university administrators in responding effectively to support students.Item Family and peer relationships in a residential youth sample: Exploring unique, non-linear, and interactive associations with depressive symptoms and suicide risk(Springer, 2022) Rivers, Alannah Shelby; Russon, Jody; Winston-Lindeboom, Payne; Ruan-lu, Linda; Diamond, GuyClose relationships are consequential for youth depressive symptoms and suicide risk, but nuanced research examining intersecting factors is needed to improve identification and intervention. This study examines a clinical, residential sample of 939 adolescents and young adults ages 10 to 23 years old (M = 15.84, SD = 1.53; 97.7% white, 99.5% non-Hispanic, 55% female). The final model found that family conflict, parental criticism, verbal bullying, and interactions with friends were associated with depressive symptoms in the expected directions, and there were significant interactions with family, peer, and demographic variables. However, most associations with suicide risk were indirect. Associations involving family factors, peer factors, depressive symptoms, and suicide are not always straightforward, and should be understood within a microsystemic context.Item A genealogy of death(Genealogies of Modernity Project, 2022) Harding, BrianClassical German philosophy saw both the completion of modernity and the beginnings of post-modernity. One could point to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit for the former, and Nietzsche’s aphoristic attack on modernity in The Birth of Tragedy for the latter. Nietzsche’s criticism of modernity presents it as the latest stage in a story beginning with the Socratic and Platonic privileging of the “Apollonian” values of reason, clarity and knowledge over Dionysian mysteries. The critique of Platonism that one finds in late classical German thought is both its most influential and pernicious export. It describes a world where will precedes reason, where dark unknowable secrets are accessed through the passions, and clarity and distinctness are suspect. There are many lenses through which one can view German thought’s distinctive tenor, but perhaps the most telling is an examination of the view of death in German thought. We will begin by contrasting this view with Plato’s and then turn to a more contemporary critic, the Mexican philosopher and journalist Jorge Portilla.Item Human error: The principal cause of skydiving fatalities(Society for Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 2003) Hart, Christian L.; Griffith, James D.Between 1993 and 2001, 308 people died while participating in civilian recreational skydives in the United States. Using a database generated by the United States Parachute Association, the authors of the present study conducted an analysis to determine the proportion of fatalities that were due to human error. The results of the analysis indicated that human error was the principal cause in 86% of the cases. Methods for reducing human error fatalities are suggested.Item The impact of religious commitment on women’s sexual self-esteem(Springer, 2016-07) Abbott, Dena M.; Harris, Jeff E.; Mollen, DebraReligious commitment is associated with decreased sexual activity, poor sexual satisfaction, and sexual guilt, particularly among women. The purpose of this paper was to investigate how religious commitment is related to sexual self-esteem among women. Participants included 196 female undergraduate students, 87 % of whom identified as Christian. Participants completed the Sexual Self-Esteem Inventory for Women (SSEI-W), Religious Commitment Inventory-10, Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale, Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale, and a measure of their perception of God’s view of sex. Results suggested that women with high religious commitment held more conservative sexual attitudes. Significant relationships between religious commitment and two subscales (moral judgment and attractiveness) of the SSEI-W revealed that women with high religious commitment were less likely to perceive sex as congruent with their moral values and simultaneously reported significantly greater confidence in their sexual attractiveness. A significant relationship between religious commitment and overall sexual self-esteem was found for women whose religion of origin was Catholicism, such that those with higher religious commitment reported lower sexual self-esteem. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that high religious commitment and perception that God viewed sex negatively independently predicted lower sexual selfesteem, as related to moral judgment. Implications of the findings are provided.Item Indirect detection of deception: Looking for change(Center for the Study of Group Processes at the University of Iowa, 2009) Hart, Christian L.; Fillmore, Derek G.; Griffith, James D.In this study, we examined the effectiveness of using indirect methods to detect liars. College students viewed a video in which half of the people told some lies and half of the people were entirely truthful. Participants were either asked to detect the liars in the video or they were asked to identify people in the video whose behavior, mannerisms, or speech changed. Participants using the indirect lie detection method of looking for behavioral change were more accurate in their categorizations of liars and nonliars than were participants who were directly and explicitly looking for liars.
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