Nutrition & Food Sciences
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Browsing Nutrition & Food Sciences by Author "Alford, Betty"
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Item The acceptability of snack chips fortified with calcium carbonate(1978-08) Harvey, Elizabeth Adele; Alford, Betty; Shepherd, Irma; Brown, Wilma A.Item An assessment of the nutritional status of four-to-six-year-old children in day care centers(1975-08) Brown, Patricia C.; Alford, Betty; Bogle, Margaret; Shepherd, IrmaItem Changes in weight and body fat distribution with the step 1 diet(1996-05-30) Chin-Lai, Pam; Alford, BettySeventy four moderately hypercholesterolemic men who were part of a larger cholesterol-lowering, double blind, placebo-controlled drug trial, received intensive group and individual nutritional counseling on the use of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step I diet over the course of 48 weeks. Weight was measured at each visit, dietary compliance was assessed at Week 8 and waist, abdominal, and hip circumferences were measured at \Yeek 10. Assessment of dietary compliance and circumference measurements were repeated at Week 48. The results revealed that 53% of subjects decreased their weight by 2.87 +/- 0.4 kg and 43% of subjects increased their weight by 2.57 +/- 0.3 kg over the 48 week period. Subjects who lost weight had significantly greater decreases in abdominal, waist, abdominal-to-hip ratio, and waist-to hip ratio compared to subjects who gained weight. Caloric intake and diet composition did not differ significantly between subjects who lost weight and those who gained. Diet composition, particularly percentage of energy from total fat, was associated with higher body weight, BMI, waist, abdominal, and hip circumferences. Percentage of energy from was not related to abdominal-to-hip ratio or waist-to-hip ratio.Item The combined effect of quality of dietary protein and 40% dietary restriction during promotion on DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats(1993-05-30) Eghtedary, Kobra; Hsueh, Andie; Alford, Betty; Roman-Shriver, Carmen; Shipley. Roger; Marshall, David, Ph. D.; Czajka-Narins, DoriceOne hundred twenty-six female Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were fed the AIN-76 diet, ad libitum until 9 weeks of age. At 56 days of age, blood serum was collected from 6 rats and analyzed for the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triacylglycerol (TG). Of the remaining 120 rats, 96 rats were intragastrically administered with DMBA (5 mg/100 g body weight) and 24 rats were given sesame oil alone. At 9 weeks of age, sera from 6 DMBA- and 6 sesame oil-treated rats were analyzed for TC, TG, and HDL-C. The remaining 90 DMBA- and 18 sesame oil-treated rats were then randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatment groups. The CA group was fed the casein diet, ad libitum. Groups CX and WX were fed the casein restricted diet and wheat gluten restricted diet, respectively, and both groups were given 60% of the intake of the CA group. When the first palpable tumor of the first 10 rats reached 1-2 cm in diameter, the tumors were excised for pathological examination. At the same time, blood was taken for the determination of serum TC, TG, and HDL-C. The remaining rats were fed their respective experimental diets until the termination of the study (26 weeks of age). Sera from 6 rats in each dietary treatment were also analyzed for the concentration of TC, HDL-C, and TG. At necropsy, palpable tumor incidence for the CA group (90%) was significantly higher than those of the CX (47%) or the WX (30%) groups. The latent period for CA group (9.2 weeks) was significantly shorter (p $<$ 0.05) than the CX (12.1 weeks) or the WX (12.7 weeks) groups. Total tumor incidence, tumor count, tumor burden and total multiple tumor incidence were also significantly higher (p $<$ 0.05) in the CA group compared to CX or WX group. These data demonstrate a strong beneficial effect of 40% dietary restriction on DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis during the promotion period. These results also suggest that the reduction of energy intake was more effective at inhibiting the development of mammary tumor than the quality of dietary protein. No association was observed between the appearance or the advancement of mammary tumor and the concentrations of serum TC, HDL-C, and TG in the rats receiving DMBA. Serum TC concentration was significantly higher (p $<$ 0.05) in CA group than the WX group when the first tumor was 1-2 cm in diameter. Rats in the CX and WX group bearing tumors 1-2 cm in diameter and at termination had lower serum TG concentrations (p $<$ 0.05) than the CA group at each period. Dietary restriction resulted in significantly reduced serum TC and TG concentrations. The data indicate that mammary tumor development induced by DMBA was not associated with serum lipid profile of the rats.Item A comparative study of salt preferences of 40 black and white preschool children in day care centers(1975-05-30) Hawkins, Ida Evans; Alford, Betty; Bogle, Margaret; Pyke, RalphItem A comparison of activity patterns, resting energy expenditure, percent body fat and dietary patterns in normal weight children(1996-12) Bope, Andrea Apple; Alford, Betty; Francis, Coni; Rew, MarthaThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of resting energy expenditure (REE) to percent body fat, percent abdominal body fat, activity level, and dietary intake in thirty-four normal weight prepubertal children, six to eleven years of age. The relationships of percent body fat and percent abdominal fat to activity level was also examined. The children's REE was measured in the morning, after abstaining from food, beverage (other than water), and physical activity for twelve hours, utilizing indirect calorimetry. Activity level was estimated using reliable activity questionnaires and interviews with parents and the children. The study included previously collected data from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry which was utilized to determine the children's body composition, and seven day food diaries that were analyzed for average energy and nutrient consumption. No strong correlations were found. However, REE was moderately and positively correlated to percent fat (.47), and to percent abdominal body fat (.55). Further research on the relationship between percent body fat and REE will help to understand the role that fat deposition plays on REE of children.Item A comparison of dietary habits and food patterns of suburban and rural school children in North Texas(1981-08-31) Brooks, Sue Mason; Alford, Betty; Milner, AliceItem A comparison of dietary intakes of preschool children from WIC families to those of children from high income(1991-08-30) Hajny, Teresa T.; Alford, Betty; Hsueh, Andie; Heiss, CindyThe present study was undertaken to compare and examine the dietary intakes and eating patterns of preschool WIC children and non-WIC children. Forty nine WIC mothers and fifty non-WIC mothers of preschool children were asked to complete a questionnaire, a 24-hour dietary recall, and a food frequency list for their children's dietary intakes. The results were compared and a series of analysis of variance tests were performed. Eating trends could be seen in both groups of children in that dietary intakes were low in calcium, vitamins A and c, fruits and vegetables, and high in fats and sweets. Results from the children's dietary intake lists also showed that the mothers did not apply their nutritional knowledge to their children's diets. Further research needs to study the impact of nutrition education on less educated low income families and the long term nutritional status of children.Item Comparison of moderate-and low-fat reduced energy diets on weight loss and body composition in post-menopausal women with android obesity(1993-12-30) McIlheran, Holly A.; Alford, Betty; Roman-Shriver, Carmen; Liepa, GeorgeThe purpose of this study was to determine if manipulation of fat content of a 1200 kcal weight reduction diet had an effect on total weight loss and fat distribution as measured by body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Twenty-eight abdominally obese, postmenopausal females consumed either a 1200 kcal moderate fat diet consisting of 30 to 32% of total calories from fat (MFD; N = 16), or a 1200 kcal low fat diet with 20 to 22% of calories supplied from fat (LFD; N- 12). Prior to weight loss, all subjects had a BMI ~27 and WHR ~0.80. Regardless of diet, all subjects experienced significant decreases in body weight, BMI, and WHR. No significant differences were found in amount of weight lost, or changes in body mass index or waist-to- hip ratio when the two groups were compared. The data suggests that for postmenopausal females with android obesity, a low fat diet (20 to 22%) is not of greater benefit than a higher fat diet (30 to 32%) during weight reduction. Weight loss and changes in adiposity are related to caloric restriction rather than to the fat content of the diet.Item A comparison of the effects of varying insulin regimens in type II diabetics on weight changes and dietary compliance(1995-05-30) Barber, Myra Ross; Alford, Betty; Narins, Dorice; Liepa, GeorgeA retrospective study of NIDDM patients compared changes in glycemic control and weight between nine different insulin regimens . Ninety-th ree clinic patients completed a questionnaire addressing issues of dietary compliance, appetite and hypoglycemia for comparison with recorded HgA1C and weights. Statistical comparison of the groups found no differences at the .05 level when compared by demographic data or by HgA1C at basel ine or at the end of 6 months on insulin. Two-thirds of the sample were either using bedtime NPH combined with oral hypoglycemics (HS) o r 70 /3 0 twice each day. At 6 months, the mean decrease in HgA1C was similar in both group (1.55 +/ - 7.71 vs. 1.84 +/ - 2.21, respectively). A significant difference in weight gain was found (p=.01 ) with an increase of 0.2 pounds +/ - 4.7 for HS compared to 9.6 +/ - 10.5 . Reported dietary compliance increased in 30% of the sample with initiation of insulin, but recent diet education with a dietitian made a significant difference (p= . 006) by minimizing weight gain Mean gains of 3 . 9 +1- 9.4 were compared to 9.5 +/ - 8.1 for those without this education . Use of bedtime NPH combined with oral agents produced comparable improv ement in HgAlC with smaller weight gains, but when combined with a review of diet education the mean weight remained stable .Item The development and evaluation of a curriculum guide for teaching boys foods and nutrition in high school(1974-05) Gibson, Elizabeth Erwin; Bateman, Jessie; Johnson, Bernadine; Alford, BettyItem The development and evaluation of a learning module on nutrition information for student athletes(1978-05) Davis, Jean Craven; Alford, Betty; Langford, Florence; Shepherd, IrmaItem Development and implementation of a nutrition education program for increased calcium consumption in children(1977-05) Blankenship, E. Dianna; Thomas, Rita; Alford, Betty; Sprinkle III, EdgarItem Dietary fatty acid intake and plasma free fatty acid composition in obese females(1994-12-31) Harb, Lara F.; Alford, Betty; Hsueh, Andie; Liepa, GeorgeThe purpose of this study was to determine if the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) composition after six weeks of weight loss would reflect the initial diet more than the recent weight loss diet; and to determine the effect of weight loss on the plasma omega-3/omega-6 (w3/w6) ratio in obese females. Pre and post dietary fatty acids (FA) were determined by computer. Plasma FF A in the postabsorptive state were analyzed using HPLC for both day 0 and day 42. No correlations existed between plasma FFA at six weeks and dietary FA at six weeks, and no correlations were detected between the plasma FF A at six weeks and dietary FA at baseline. There was no difference in plasma w3/w6 ratio before and after weight loss. These findings indicate that plasma FF A composition may not be a valid parameter when one wants to establish if obese subjects are complying with their weight reduction diet.Item Effect of calcium-carbonate fortified baked products on calcium balance and related metabolism in elderly females(1980-05-30) Loker, Sevim F.; Alford, Betty; Brown, Wilma; Milner, AliceItem The effect of fat on lipid profiles in the abdominally obese postmenopausal woman(1994-08-30) Broussard, Jamie; Alford, BettyThirty-three postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity participated in a weight reduction study. The purpose was to determine if a low-fat, reduced kcalorie diet would improve the lipid profile in abdominally obese postmenopausal women when compared to a reduced kcalorie normal-fat diet. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a control group or to one of two weight reduction (1200 kilocalorie) diets: one having a normal fat level and the other being low in fat, for six weeks. The low calorie, normal-fat diet contained 2 0% protein, 30-35% fat and 40-50% carbohydrate, whereas the low-fat diet contained 20% protein, 20-25% fat and 55-60% carbohydrate. Fasting serum total cholesterol, HDLcholesterol and triglyceride were measured initially and at the end of 6 weeks. Weight loss regimens improved two parameters significantly (p < 0.001), by decreasing waistto-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) in a ll experimental subjects. Total serum cholesterol decreased significantly (p < 0.004) in the group consumlng the low-fat diet. However, cholesterol levels in the control group and the group consuming the normal-fat diet did not change significantly. Triglyceride levels and HDL-cholesterol levels did not change significantly ln any of the diet groups. Due to an increased caloric intake by the lowcalorie, normal-fat diet group, data were reorganized into a post-hoc control diet group and a reduced-fat diet group. Statistical analysis of the reorganized data confirmed that significant (p < 0.01) decreases in body weight and BMI occurred ln the reduced-fat diet group. A significant decrease (p < 0.01) in WHR occurred in both the post-hoc control diet group and the reduced-fat diet group. However, the reduced-fat diet group was the only group to experience any significant (p < 0.01) decrease in blood lipid concentrations. These findings suggest that an energyrestricted, reduced-fat diet may be necessary to successfully decrease cholesterol concentrations ln abdominally obese postmenopausal women.Item The effect of high and low glycemic index diets on the fasting blood glucose levels in non-diabetic, postmenopausal, obese, caucasian women(1998-08-30) Brittain, Deana; Alford, BettyThe purpose of this study was to compare the initial fasting blood glucose (FBG) to the final FBG from two groups of non-diabetic, postmenopausal, obese, Caucasian women, to ascertain whether there was a significant difference in FBG after following a high or low glycemic index (GI) diet. Twenty five data files from studies done in 1990 and 1992 were analyzed for this tudy. Thirteen women followed the low GI diet, and twelve women followed the high GI diet over a four week period. Three days from the last week of the diet were analyzed to obtain a mean GI for each subject. The initial FBG and the final FBG were compared u ing a two tailed, two sample t-test to determine whether there was a significant difference. The results of this study revealed that there was not a significant difference in the initial FBG and the final FBG in either diet group. The GI diet did not affect the final FBG. Problems with the study included a small sample size, the files were not randomly elected due to the use of pre-existing data, and no involvement in the original collection of the data. The subjects were also free living which allowed for the possibility of inaccurate election and measurement of food . Using a controlled environment would improve the validity of the data.Item Effects of a low glycemic index diet on post-menopausal women with abdominal obesity(1991-08-30) Olree, Kelley Suzanne Brown; Alford, Betty; Liepa, George; Hsueh, AndieAbdominal obesity has been associated with an increased incidence of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Fourteen post-menopausal females with waist-to-hip ratios (WHR) greater than 0.80 participated in a study designed to determine if a low glycemic-index diet would improve the metabolic aberrations associated with abdominal obesity. For two weeks, seven subjects were on a low glycemic-index diet; seven were on a high glycemic-index diet. Both diets were designed for weight maintenance and contained equivalent amounts of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fiber. The subjects' low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), serum fructosamine, serum connecting peptide (C-peptide), and response to oral glucose tolerance tests were measured just before and immediately following the study period. Both groups had a significant reduction (p<.05) in LDL cholesterol, C-peptide, and fructosamine values. The differences in pre and post values between groups did not reach significance.Item The effects of an acute bout of strenuous aerobic exercise on plasma, erythrocyte, urinary and dietary values for selected trace minerals(1996-12-31) Edgren, Kimberly K.; Alford, Betty; Hsueh, AndieNineteen competitive cyclists participated in a week-long study to determine if prolonged, intense aerobic exercise produced a significant change in plasma, erythrocyte, and/or urine values for zinc(Zn) and copper(Cu). Subjects pedaled a cycle ergometer for 1 hour at 80% anaerobic threshold, after which, resistance was incrementally increased by 20 watts/minute until voluntary exhaustion. Six blood collections were drawn: preexercise, post-exercise and 2-, 24-, 72-, and 120-hours post-exercise, respectively. Five 24-hour urine collections were taken: one day pre-exercise, the exercise day, and 1-, 2-,and 4-days post-exercise, respectively. Results were significant (pItem Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and proteins on serum lipid profiles and renal functions of uremic rats(1993-05-30) Wenan, Viera Navara; Liepa, George; Alford, Betty; Hsueh, AndieSixty-three male Sprague-Dawley rats were partially nephrectomized and randomly assigned to one of the four experimental diets. All diets were isocaloric and contained the following ingredients: a) 24% Casein - 5% MaxEPA oil (MOCAS), b) 24% Casein- 5% Corn oil (COCAS), c) 24% Soy- 5% MaxEPA oil (MOSOY), and d) 24% Soy- 5% Corn oil (COSOY). Animals were maintained on their corresponding diets for 13 weeks. Blood pressures and serum blood profiles (total protein, albumin, creatinine, triglycerides and total, HDL and LDL cholesterol) were determined. No differences were noted among the groups in serum total protein, albumin, or creatinine, as well as the systolic blood pressure. Rats fed MO diets, regardless of the protein source, had lower serum triglyceride levels. Total and HDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the MOCAS group when compared to the other three experimental groups. Feeding of the COCAS diet was nonsignificantly associated with high LDL concentrations. MaxEPA oil diets yielded significantly higher concentrations of serum EPA and DHA and significantly lower linoleic and AA concentrations when compared to CO diets. Rats that were maintained on MOSOY diets had the greatest degree of glomerular sclerosis. Urinary total protein concentrations were higher in the COSOY rats when compared to the other groups. Based on the results obtained, previous beneficial effects of MaxEPA oil and soy protein on serum lipid profiles and renal functions were not as apparent .
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