Nutrition & Food Sciences
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Item Middle school student perceptions of school lunch following revised federal school meal guidelines(03/12/2014) Kjosen, Maria; Moore, Carolyn E.; Cullen, Karen; Warren, CynthiaSince the revisions to the school meal guidelines in 2012, few studies have assessed student perceptions about school lunch. During the 2012-2013 school year, 1,867 middle school students (grades 6th, 7th, and 8th) in the Houston, Texas area completed questionnaires regarding various aspects of school lunch. The questionnaires examined if perceptions of school lunch differed based on gender, grade level, income, or frequency of eating school lunch. Analysis of variance was used in the analyses. Sixth graders (more than any other grade) reported greater satisfaction for meal perceptions (including taste, presentation, and variety) (P < .001), while students from low-income schools reported less satisfaction in this category (P< .001). Sixth graders, and boys, were significantly more likely to report selecting and consuming fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (P < .001, P < .05 respectively). Finally, students from low-income schools, and students who consumed school lunch more frequently were more satisfied with staff attentiveness (P < .001, P < .001 respectively). The most popular reason for eating school lunch was "I am hungry". These results demonstrate the need for further investigation and intervention in order to accommodate the varying student perceptions of school lunch.Item Anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective role of tart cherry polyphenols in SW1353 human chondrocytes(1/25/2019) Lucero, Jacquelynn Elise; Broughton, K. ShaneThe aim of this study was to investigate the chondroprotective effect of tart cherry polyphenols (TCP) using human chondrocytes. Chondrocytes (SW 1353) were pre-treated with TCP at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 µg/mL for 24 h then stimulated with the recombinant interleukin-1β (20 ng/mL) for 24 hours. After an initial increase (p<0.05) in cell proliferation at 1.25 µg/mL TCP, a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation was observed with higher doses of TCP. Following a significant decrease in nitrate levels at the 1.25 µg/mL TCP dose, there was a dose-dependent increase in nitrate concentration. The dose-dependent increase in nitrate levels occurred with concomitant decreases in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) intracellular protein expression at the two highest TCP doses. Reductions in cartilage degradation were observed in the 2.5, 5, and 10 µg/mL TCP doses, as indicated by decreases in glycoprotein-39 (YKL-40) levels. TCP appeared to have no significant effect on total protein expression of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor, necrosis factor kappa B (NF-κB), or the matrix degrading enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3). In conclusion, these findings suggest that TCP promote cartilage health by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways implicated in extracellular matrix destruction, as indicated by the effect of TCP doses on nitrite, iNOS, and YKL-40 levels. However, further research is need to elucidate the mechanism by which tart cherry polyphenols elicit these positive effects on cartilage health.Item The effect of freeze-dried whole blueberry powder on joint flexibility, mobility, and serum biomarkers of cartilage metabolism in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis(1/29/2019) Smith, Amy Leigh; Juma, ShanilObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of freeze dried whole blueberry powder on joint flexibility, mobility, and serum biomarkers of cartilage metabolism in men and women ages 45-79 years old with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A total of 63 participants were recruited and randomized into two groups. The freeze dried blueberry powder (FDBP) group (treatment; n=33) consumed a total of 40 grams of freeze dried whole blueberry powder daily (packaged in 20 gram pouches to be consumed twice a day, to be equivalent to two servings of fresh blueberries) for 16 weeks. A control group (n=30) consumed 40 grams of a powder daily for 16 weeks which closely matched the freeze-dried blueberry powder in appearance and energy content but devoid of blueberries. All of the following outcomes were assessed at baseline, midpoint (8 weeks), and final visits. Flexibility of the afflicted joint(s) using range of motion (ROM) measurements were assessed using a 360 degree goniometer based on neutral zero method. The ROM parameters, extension (active and hyper) and flexion were performed by the same trained individual at each visit in triplicates. v Mobility was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Long Form (IPAQ) and blood specimens assessed changes in biomarkers of cartilage metabolism. Results: A total of 49 participants completed the study with an attrition rate of 22%. Range of motion increased slightly for both knees in FDBP group, while the placebo group had steady declines from baseline to final measurements. Physical activity measured in METs decreased for both groups, however activity levels decreased more in the placebo than the FDBP group. Slight improvements in hyaluronic acid from baseline to midpoint were noticed but from midpoint to final the concentrations slowly regressed. The FDBP group had an increasing trend in concentrations of IGF-1 with consistently stable concentrations of IGFBP-3, while the placebo group had declining concentrations of IGF-1 and increases in IGFBP-3 over the course of the study. The FDBP group had an overall decrease in concentrations of YKL-40 from baseline to the final evaluation, while the placebo group had a steady increase in concentration throughout the study period. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in the FDBG from mid-point and final as compared to baseline measurements, while there were no changes observed in the placebo group. BMI increased significantly at final over baseline and midpoint in the placebo group, whereas the blueberry group maintained their body weight throughout the study. Conclusions: The findings of the study suggest that blueberries may have a positive effect on joint health by preventing further breakdown of cartilage and vi promoting repair. This was further supported by improvements in range of motion and maintenance of physical activity levels in the blueberry treatment group.Item Influence of serum leptin on exercise dependence, dietary intake, and satiety in competitive female runners and inactive females(1/6/2020) Lin, Jenna N.; Patterson, Mindy A.Leptin is derived primarily from adipocytes to impact appetite, energy expenditure, and reward-seeking behaviors; and may contribute to compulsive-type behaviors. This study examined the relationship of leptin at fasting, postprandial, and post exercise with diet, subjective satiety, and exercise dependence (ED) between female runners (FR) and inactive females (IF). Mean age of subjects 23 years and body mass index (BMI) of 21.5 kg/m2. Across time on the day of the study, significant leptin differences (P < 0.001) were seen in FR (n = 14; BMI: 19.9 ± 1.3) compared to IF (n = 16; BMI: 23.0 ± 2.8), with no significant differences within groups. Fat mass (FM) was lower (P < 0.000) and lean mass (LM) was higher in FR (P < 0.001) than IF. FR had an average LM of 75.5% in comparison to IF at 65.6%. In conclusion, FR had significantly lower leptin than IF across time. Additionally, FR had a significantly lower BMI, FM, and body weight than IF. However, FR scored significantly higher in mean overall ED and consumed a significantly higher percentage of carbohydrates and fiber than IF.Item The effect of freeze-dried whole raspberry powder on gait performance, mobility, and serum biomarkers of cartilage metabolism in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis(1/6/2020) Poindexter, Melissa Ann; Juma, ShanilObjective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of freeze-dried raspberry consumption on gait performance, mobility assessed by physical activity, and serum biomarkers of cartilage metabolism (YKL-40, insulin growth factor-1, insulin growth factor binding protein- 3, and hyaluronic acid) in individuals with current symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled study design was used with evaluations at baseline (before treatment intervention), midpoint (8 weeks), and after intervention (16 weeks). Sixty-three participants (both men and women) with self-reported mild to moderate degree of pain in the knee due to symptomatic OA were recruited. Participants were randomized into two groups, either placebo (n=29) or treatment group (n=34). The treatment group consumed 35 grams of freeze-dried raspberry powder mixed with 10-12 ounces of water, consumed daily. The placebo group consumed 35 grams of a control powder similar in color, fiber, carbohydrates, and calories. Anthropometric measurement of height, weight, blood pressure, and leg length were obtained at baseline, midpoint, and final visit. Additionally, participants filled out the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) at each visit. Finally, gait analysis was performed using the GAITRite® system at each visit. Overnight fasting venous blood was collected at each visit to assess markers of cartilage metabolism (YKL-40, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and hyaluronic acid). Treatment effects were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: A total of 44 participants completed the study with an attrition rate of 30%. Average sitting time, measured by minutes per day, showed a progressive decrease from baseline to end of the study in the raspberry group, where the placebo group showed a consistent level for the duration of the study. The raspberry group showed an increase in house-related physical activity, measured by metabolic equivalents (METs), whereas no significant changes were observed in the placebo group. For cartilage metabolism markers: hyaluronic acid, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and YKL-40, the raspberry group showed consistent biomarkers throughout the study without significant changes. The placebo group showed a progressive increase in IGFBP-3 and YKL-40 throughout the duration of the study, markers which are associated with advancing degradation of cartilage. IGF-1 and hyaluronic acid showed no significant changes over time in the placebo group. At a normal walking cadence, the placebo group showed a significant increase in cadence, velocity, right and left leg single support percentage, and right and left leg step length; additionally, with a decrease in right and left leg single support percentage and right and left leg cycle time, suggesting an improvement based on the placebo effect. The raspberry group showed improvement with an increase in cadence and a decrease in right leg cycle time at a normal walking cadence. However, at a fast walking cadence, only the raspberry group showed significant improvements, whereas the placebo showed no significant improvements. The raspberry group increased in cadence, velocity, and left leg single support, while decreasing in left and right leg double support percentage and left and right cycle time. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that incorporation of whole raspberries may increase physical activity, improve gait performance, and prevent further cartilage degradation; therefore improving quality of life in individuals with symptomatic knee OA.Item An in-depth analysis of beer flavor and its impact on consumer refreshing perception(1/8/2021) Hampton, Amy; Broughton, K. ShaneBeer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage worldwide and a known source of refreshment. Refreshment is defined as an emotional response to a food consumption experience; nevertheless, there is a very limited understanding of beer refreshment and its impact factors. The objective of this study was to determine how sensory attributes, specifically flavor and alcohol-related, impacted refreshment post-beer consumption using a survey, consumer study, and volatile analysis. A preliminary beer survey (n = 1,050) indicated that consumers believed beer was highly refreshing (≥8 out of 10). Flavor and temperature were major impactful factors for refreshment, along with a “clean and crisp” flavor profile. According to survey results, a consumer study was conducted to test how flavor types and alcohol levels impacted beer refreshment. Participants (n = 322) rated 13 beer samples (three flavor types: citrus, cucumber, or lime x 4 alcohol levels: 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% abv., plus the control: non-alcoholic beer base- Heineken 0.0) for liking and intensity of refreshment as well as six sensory attributes. The consumer study elucidated that alcohol levels and flavor types significantly affected consumer's perceived refreshment based on ANOVA, MANOVA, and partial least squares (PLS), p < 0.01. A majority of consumers preferred a citrus-flavored beer and an alcohol level of 2.5% abv. Volatile profiles of three pilsners (Carlsberg, Heineken 0.0, and Michelob Ultra) were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Volatile analysis indicated specific esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate), terpenes (D-limonene and linalool), and aldehydes (acetaldehyde, isovaleric aldehyde, hexanal, nonanal) were common volatiles in three beers, which might associate with acceptance and preference by consumers. The significance derived from this thesis research revealed that flavor type and alcohol level significantly impact perceived refreshment. The addition of citrus flavor to the beer base with a 2.5% abv. created an ideal experience of sensory attributes and the highest overall acceptance. In the development of new and existing beers, a balance of flavor, alcohol, and volatiles are imperative for the refreshing perception.Item Effects of curcumin on retinoblastoma protein and p300 during adipocyte differentiation(1/9/2020) Rea, Jonathan A.; Vijayagopal, Parakat; Imrhan, Victorine; Prasad, ChandanThe goal of the present study was to understand how curcumin suppresses PPARγ-mediated adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-F442 preadipocytes. We differentiated cultured 3T3-F442 cells with and without different doses of curcumin (0, 10µM, 15µM, and 20µM) and prepared cell lysates. We then performed Western Blot analysis to measure two upstream regulators of PPARγ, retinoblastoma protein (RB) and the p300 histone acetyltransferase in preadipocyte cells. Results were analyzed using one-Way ANOVA, and a Tuckey Post Hoc test. Curcumin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. Compared to control (no curcumin), dephosphorylated RB protein expression was higher in cultures exposed to 10 µM and 15 µM curcumin. However, at 20 µM the unphosphorylated RB protein decreased to the control level probably due to cell death. This suggests that curcumin inhibits 3T3-F442 preadipocyte differentiation by RB protein mediated inhibition of PPAR- γ. We did not detect the P300 protein in any cultures, including control by Western blot. This may be due to several reasons, including the cells not expressing P300, low sensitivity of detection technique, or denaturation of protein.Item The effect of freeze dried whole raspberries on pain, joint flexibility, and inflammation in individuals with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis(1/9/2020) Khalid, Sana; Juma, ShanilObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of freeze dried whole raspberries on pain, joint flexibility, and inflammation in individuals with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: In this double-blind and randomized trial, a total of 63 men and women were recruited and placed into either a treatment group (raspberry powder) or placebo group (powder without raspberry) for a period of 4 months. The raspberry group (n=34) was given 35 grams of freeze dried whole raspberry powder daily. Participants were instructed to mix the raspberry powder in 10-12 oz of water, and to consume it within 5 minutes. The placebo group (n=29) consumed 35 grams of placebo powder mixed with 10-12 oz of water. The placebo group was given a powder that was of similar appearance and energy content as the raspberry powder, but without the raspberry content. At baseline, midpoint (60 days), and final (120 days) visits, demographic data including height, weight, and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) were obtained. At each study visit, participants filled out the Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire to evaluate pain, stiffness, and difficulty in activity associated with knee OA. Range of motion testing was conducted using a goniometer during each study visit to assess joint flexibility. Additionally, an overnight fasting blood specimen was collected at each study visit to assess biomarkers of inflammation. Results: A total of 44 participants completed the study with a drop-out rate of approximately 30%. No significant changes in weight or BMI were observed in either group. A significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was seen among the raspberry group at final visit compared to baseline. No changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure were noted in the placebo group. Total WOMAC score as well as its subgroups (pain, stiffness, and difficulty performing daily activities) were significantly decreased at final visit compared to baseline in the raspberry group. In the placebo group, a significant decrease in stiffness was observed at final compared to baseline. There were no significant changes in total WOMAC score or its subgroups between the two groups. There were no significant changes in overall ROM scores in the raspberry or placebo groups. At midpoint visit, right knee extension was significantly less in the raspberry group than in the placebo group. There was also a significant decrease noted in right knee extension in the raspberry group at midpoint compared to baseline. A significant decrease in left knee extension was observed in the raspberry group at midpoint compared to baseline. No differences were observed in right knee flexion. However, there was a significant increase in left knee flexion in the raspberry group at final compared to baseline. For inflammation, no significant changes were witnessed among the pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL1β, IL-6) or anti-inflammatory biomarkers (IL-10, IL-4, IL13). However, slight changes were noted in some of these biomarkers. There was a slight decrease in IL-6 concentrations in the raspberry group at final timepoint, although not significant. Additionally, there was a slight increase in IL-6 concentrations in the placebo group at final compared to baseline. There was a decrease in IL-10 concentration in both the raspberry and placebo group at final in comparison to baseline. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that daily incorporation of whole raspberries can reduce pain, stiffness, and difficulty to perform daily activities. There was also a small, albeit not significant, improvement in joint flexibility in the knees. We did not observe any changes in the biomarkers of inflammation. Improvement in pain, stiffness, difficulty doing daily activities, and joint flexibility associated with consumption of raspberry may lead to an increase in overall quality of life in individuals with symptomatic knee OA.Item The effectiveness of an internet-based low FODMAP diet education program to improve symptoms of patients with IBS(10/22/2019) Adams, Rachel Loran; Broughton, K. ShaneIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal disorder in the United States. The Low FODMAP Diet (LFD) is an effective treatment for IBS symptoms in 50-80% of people. The purpose of this multi-phase study was to determine if an internet-, module-based program (“The FODMAP Fix”) of the elimination phase of the Low FODMAP Diet (LFD) would improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with IBS. Phase 1 included a formal survey as part of the needs assessment to inform the development of the program. Phase 2 was designed as a four-week, randomized, controlled trial to test the effectiveness of the program. After failed recruitment and a high rate of attrition, the trial was modified and Phase 3 was launched. Phase 3 is a non-randomized, trial with pre- and post-intervention assessments including adults 18 to 65 years of age who identify as having IBS. One hundred thirty-five participants were screened, and 52 (39%) were invited to participate in the program. Fifteen participants completed baseline and final assessments. IBS Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS), Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) indices, and a self-efficacy (SE) survey were used to assess outcomes. Due to the high dropout rate, the study was underpowered to detect changes in the IBS-SSS, IBS-QOL, and SE assessments. While the trial was underpowered to detect differences in the pre- and post-assessments, most participants did experience improvement in symptom severity and reported this internet-based intervention was an effective method to educate on the LFD. When asked if they felt this approach would be at least as effective as a one-on-one visit, 73% responded affirmatively. This same percentage stated they would recommend the program to others suffering from IBS. Future trials are needed to assess the effect of internet-based LFD interventions on IBS symptom management and how to achieve better engagement and completion rates of internet-based, diet interventions.Item Accuracy of water delivery in enteral nutrition pumps(10/3/2018) Toth, Erin Jade; Patterson, Mindy A.Background: Adequate delivery of both enteral formula and water in patients receiving enteral nutrition (EN) is critical in illness recovery and maintaining hydration status. Pump malfunction has recently been identified as a factor that impedes enteral formula delivery, however rarely is inadequate enteral water delivery investigated. The purpose of this study was to explore the accuracy of delivering 1 L of water by EN pumps using different flush volumes and hang heights. Methods: Three EN pumps were used in vitro to flush 1 L of water at 50 mL per hour for 20 hours and 500 mL every 4 hours for 8 hours, at 0” and 18” hang heights. Fifteen test runs were conducted at each volume and hang height per pump. Actual delivered enteral water, remaining volume in feed bags, and volume reported by the pump were recorded. Results: Hang height of 18” delivered a mean 3.91% (95% CI, 3.25 to 4.57) more water than bags hung at 0” (p < 0.0005). When delivering water in 500 mL increments, 1.57% (95% CI, 0.92 to 2.23) more water was delivered than when delivered in 50 mL increments (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Appropriate hang height recommendations improve enteral water delivery in patients receiving EN. The most accurate setting was 500 mL at 18”, resulting in adequate delivery in 97.8% of the test runs, while 50 mL at 0” delivered adequately 17.8% of the time. More research is needed to understand the implications of inadequate water delivery caused by EN pump inaccuracy.Item Effect of supplementation with pumpkin seed oil versus pumpkin seeds on blood pressure and menopausal symptoms in non-hypertensive postmenopausal women(12/1/2017) Maiya, Madhura; Moore, Carolyn E.; Vijayagopal, Parakat; Warren, Cynthia; Cesario, Sandra; Nurse, RachelleMenopausal transition is a complex process often accompanied by series of physiological changes that can affect overall quality of life in women. Estrogen deficiency is associated with menopausal symptoms, obesity, heart disease, osteoporosis, and diabetes. Pumpkin seeds are a good source of phytoestrogens and may exert week estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects. This randomized trial aimed to compare the effect of supplementation of pumpkin seeds (1½ teaspoons/ 4.1 grams a day) versus pumpkin seed oil (PSO) (2g/day) for 12 weeks on blood pressure (BP; systolic and diastolic), endothelial function, plasma lipids, C-rective protein (CRP) concentrations, and menopausal symptoms in non-hypertensive postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women (n = 27) were randomly assigned to receive pumpkin seeds or PSO for 12 weeks. BP, plasma lipids, endothelial function, and CRP concentrations were measured at baseline and 12 weeks after supplementation. Participants also completed a menopausal symptom questionnaire at baseline and after 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS-version 24). Both within-subjects and between-subject effects were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. An alpha of 0.05 was set for significance. In the pumpkin seed group, systolic BP significantly decreased 3% (117.86±11.60 mmHg versus 114.43±14.39 mmHg; p=0.014) after supplementation compared to the PSO group. Diastolic BP at 12 weeks also decreased significantly (3%) in women belonging to the PSO group (74.85±8.61 mmHg versus 72.46±8.89 mmHg; p=0.026) and decreased 4.5% in the pumpkin seed group (73.93±6.49 mmHg versus 70.57±7.75 mmHg; p=0.002) from baseline. An improvement in endothelial function was seen by a non-significant increase in reactive hyperemia index (4%) and a decrease in augmentation index (25%) at 12 weeks in the pumpkin seed group. For women in the PSO group mean overall menopausal symptom score significantly decreased from baseline (15.77±6.77) to 12 weeks (8.46±5.98; p<0.01) with a significant decrease in severity of hot-flushes (p=0.02). There were no significant changes in plasma lipids and CRP-concentration in both groups. Pumpkin seeds exhibit cardio-protective benefits by reducing BP and a marginal improvement of endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Further studies at different doses of pumpkin seeds are required to better understand overall cardiovascular health benefits.Item The effect of whole red raspberry juice on body composition, physical activity, and serum inflammation biomarkers in postmenopausal osteopenic women(12/12/2018) Kubota, Junko; Juma, ShanilThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of red raspberry juice on body composition, inflammatory biomarkers, and physical activity in postmenopausal women with mild-to-moderate bone loss. A total of 57 women were recruited and randomized into two groups for a period of 6 months (180 days). The treatment group (n= 30) consumed 2 oz of red raspberry concentrate daily (reconstituted with 10 oz water). The placebo group (n = 27) served as the control and consumed 2 ounces of a placebo mixture equivalent to the red raspberry juice concentrate in appearance, energy, and sugar content (fructose and dextrose) devoid of red raspberries. Body composition was evaluated via DXA scans performed at baseline and final (180 days). Blood was obtained and self-reported physical activity questionnaires were completed at baseline, midpoint (90 days), and final visits. At the end of the 6 month study, there was a small reduction albeit not significant in visceral adipose tissue volume, visceral adipose tissue mass, android fat, gynoid fat, android to gynoid ratio, and total body fat observed in both raspberry and placebo groups. Serum leptin levels were higher in the placebo group compared to the raspberry group at the end of the study. There were no significant changes in recreational activity patterns for walking, moderate, and vigorous physical activity for either the raspberry or placebo group. The study findings suggest that inclusion of red raspberry in the diet of postmenopausal women may have a positive effect on body composition that may lead to reductions in inflammation and decrease disease risk.Item The impact of a school garden on fruit and vegetable availability at home for elementary children(12/14/2020) Sossamon, Michaela; Miketinas, DerekThe primary purpose of this study was to explore the impact of a school garden on the home availability of FV and on household food security of elementary children. A secondary aim of the study was to examine the impact of both the school garden and parental FV consumption on children’s FV preferences and consumption. Nine third-grade students completed this study. T-tests and ANOVA assessed changes in outcomes before and after the school-garden program. Associations between the school-garden program, parental FV consumption, and children’s FV preferences and consumption were also examined. Results showed that vegetable consumption of parents was significantly associated with vegetable availability at home (p = 0.003) and vegetable consumption of children (p = 0.01) at the end of the school-garden program. Thus, future studies that further explore the impact of parental vegetable consumption on child vegetable consumption in the context of school gardens would be beneficial.Item The effect of whole red raspberry juice on bone density and biomarkers of bone in postmenopausal osteopenic women(12/19/2017) Hatcher, Katelin; Juma, Shanil; Imrhan, Victoria; Vijayagopal, ParakatThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of red raspberry juice on bone mineral density and bone biomarkers in postmenopausal women with mild-to-moderate bone loss. A total of 57 women were recruited and randomized into two groups for a period of 6 months (180 days). The treatment group (n= 30) consumed 2 oz of red raspberry concentrate daily (reconstituted with 10 oz water). The placebo group (n = 27) served as the control and consumed 2 ounces of a placebo mixture equivalent to the red raspberry juice concentrate in appearance, energy, and sugar content (fructose and dextrose) devoid of red raspberries. DXA scans were performed at baseline and final (180 days) visits to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD). Serum and urinary samples were collected at baseline, midpoint (90 days) and final visits to assess changes in bone markers. At the end of the 6 month study, total BMD had decreased in the control group, but was maintained or slightly improved in the treatment group. Biomarkers of bone formation were maintained in the treatment group and decreased in the placebo group. Additionally, biomarkers of bone resorption were decreased in the treatment group and remained unchanged in the placebo. The findings of this study indicate that regular consumption of red raspberry may have a positive impact on bone health by inhibiting or protecting bone against resorption, and therefore, positively influences osteoporosis disease risk.Item Exposure to alcohol interrupts adipose cell maturation, attenuates adiponectin expression, and contributes to inflammatory markers in 3T3-F442 pre-adipocytes(12/20/2018) Shafiei, Mahnoush Sophia; Davis, Kathleen ElizabethDrinking alcohol during pregnancy interrupts cellular development, which may have far-reaching health effects on the fetus in its embryonic state and later as a young child. Adipose tissue (AT) is an important target for alcohol action. Alcohol disrupts the synthesis of a wide variety of peptides and adipokines, as well as the endocrine activity of adipose tissue. Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing adipokine that is involved in fatty acid breakdown; it is produced in adipose tissue. In this project, it is hypothesized that alcohol disrupts adipose cell development and reduces adiponectin (ApN) expression, concomitant with an elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduction in anti-inflammatory cytokines. The data suggest that alcohol exposure in 3T3-F442 pre-adipocytes reduces adipocyte proliferation. Pre-adipocytes were exposed to 0.0% (control), 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% alcohol solution for 48 hours. Triglycerides and the expression of ApN and several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured. Nile Red (NR) staining was used for the detection of adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation. The results show triglyceride reduction in 3T3-F442 adipocytes and a significant reduction in adipocyte differentiation in comparison with control (non-alcohol-treated) cells. Furthermore, ApN secretion was reduced in 3T3-F442 cells in response to alcohol. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-13, IL-1b, TNF-α, and INF-γ were increased, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-10, IL-12, were reduced. In conclusion, exposure of alcohol reduced differentiation of 3T3-F442 pre-adipocytes to adipocytes. It was demonstrated in this project that alcohol impairs ApN secretion and increases pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results help to establish the potential role of alcohol in promoting inflammation and reducing adiponectin expression in developing pre-adipocytes, suggesting alcohol may be disruptive in metabolism by disruption of adipose cell differentiation.Item The effect of iodine supplementation on biomarkers of iodine status, thyroid function, resting metabolic rate, and body composition in women, 18-45 years of age(12/21/2017) Panth, Pallavi; DiMarco, Nancy M.; Petterborg, Larry; Warren, Cynthia; Patterson, Mindy A.; Basiliadis, MargaretThe purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the efficacy of iodine supplementation vs. placebo, in reproductive-age women, 18-45 years, in improving iodine status, thyroid function, resting metabolic rate, and body composition in a six-month, randomized-double-blinded-placebo-controlled trial. Non-pregnant (euthyroid, normal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), mean=1.57mIU/mL) women were randomized into two groups: 12.5mg Iodoral® (IG, n=65) or placebo (PG, n=38). Assessments included iodine status determination (24-hr urine iodine (UI), %-iodine saturation (% IS), sodium-iodide-symporter-ratio (NIS), saliva and serum iodide concentrations), thyroid function (serum TSH, free-thyroxine (T4), and free-tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations), body composition analysis using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), resting metabolic rate (RMR) testing, and analysis of 3-day dietary records, health, demographic, and physical activity questionnaires. Analysis of the data revealed dietary iodine intake to be significantly below standard recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 150 µg iodine/d for IG and PG at baseline and six months. For the first time, associations were observed between dietary iodine intake and body composition, with decreased dietary iodine intake being associated with higher body fat content (p<0.01). Iodine status indicators, 24-hr UI and % IS were also significantly below normal, indicating iodine deficiency in the study population. Although 24-hr UI and % IS for IG and PG showed an increased trend from baseline to six months, statistical significance was not observed for between and within group effects, indicating that a longer duration of supplementation may be needed to improve iodine status in deficient populations. Saliva iodide increased significantly in IG (p=0.041), and PG (p=0.013) at the end of six months; however, NIS ratio remained unchanged, indicating normal functioning of the NIS. Free-T4 increased significantly at six months in IG and PG (p<0.001), however other thyroid function parameters remained unchanged, indicating that the high dose iodine supplement may be better tolerated than expected. RMR significantly increased in IG and PG (p<0.001) at six months, and was positively correlated (p<0.01) with all body composition variables. Overall, participants demonstrated a generalized lack of awareness of iodine nutrition and the implications of iodine deficiency in reproductive-age women, indicating a significant public health concern that needs to be addressed.Item An experiment in weight normalization of underweight college girls(1931-08) Morris, Nell; Young, HoylandeItem A study of waste in two dining rooms of the residence halls of Texas State College for Women(1946-06) Saunders, Mary Dale; Christian, J.Item The Dietary habits of fifty college women in Denton, Texas, including twenty-five veterans(1947-08) Wyatt, Elizabeth; McLaughlin, LauraItem Human skeletal deformities in relation to sex, age, and socio-economic status(1955-05-30) Light, Marguerite; Mack, Pauline; Campbell, Helen Buck