Nutrition & Food Sciences

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11274/8856

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A comparison of serum lipid, lipoprotein and glucose concentrations in normal weight children of obese and normal weight biological mothers: relationships to percent body fat and dietary intake
(1995-12) Francis, Coni; Alford, Betty; Narins, Dorice; Liepa, George
Differences in serum lipid, lipoprotein and glucose concentrations, percent body fat and dietary intake were examined in 24 normal weight (10th-90th percentile for weight) children, aged 6-10.5 years. Twelve children were from obese biological mothers and 12 children were from normal weight biological mothers. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for both parents and children (kg/m2). Obesity for mothers was defined as a BMI >30. Normal weight for mothers was defined as a BMI of 20-25. A weight history was collected from mothers. Percent body fat of the children was measured with one whole body scan utilizing dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Extended research analysis was performed to determine percent abdominal fat. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL and glucose concentrations were determined and averaged from two fasting blood samples for each child. Parents completed a seven day food diary for each child prior to the first blood draw. Food diaries were analyzed for nutrient content utilizing Nutritionist IV. Body fat was 2.2% greater and abdominal fat was 3.9% greater in the children of obese mothers compared to the children of normal weight mothers. However, differences were not statistically significant due to sample size. No statistically significant differences were found in serum lipid, lipoprotein and glucose concentrations or dietary intake between the two groups of children. The weight history of the mothers revealed that 89% of obese mothers did not develop obesity until 25-35 years of age. This population of obese women may not be the most appropriate group for studying genetic aspects of obesity in their offspring. The mean BMI of fathers for both groups of children was $>$26. The heavy fathers of the children of normal weight mothers may have influenced the percent body fat of these children. Relationships between percent body fat and serum lipid, lipoprotein and glucose concentrations; and between dietary intake and serum lipid, lipoprotein and glucose concentrations between groups were examined. No strong correlations were found. However, moderate correlations varied considerably between the two groups of children. It is not clear whether the correlation variations observed were due to metabolic differences between groups.
A comparison of the attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge of nutrigenomics between dietetic students in the USA and Mexico
(2/5/2019) VanBuren, Christine A.; Imrhan, Victorine; Prasad, Chandan
The purpose of this study was to compare nutrition/dietetic students from Texas Woman’s University (TWU) and Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) in respect to their perceived need, interest, and knowledge of different topics within nutritional genomics. A nutritional genomics survey was administered to students at UANL and compared to students at TWU that had taken the survey as part of a previous study. The data was analyzed using chi-square test of homogeneity and Fisher’s exact test. The results showed that students from TWU and UANL differed from each other in their knowledge level, desire to learn more, and perceived need for ‘omic’ technologies. Both TWU and UANL students lack a high level of knowledge about different ‘omic’ topics but recognize the important role that ‘omics’ will play in their future careers as dietitians.
Ability of students in food and nutrition related fields to perceive phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)
(1998-12) Coulter, Monica
Acceptability of food products containing almond oil in place of soybean oil
(2005-12) Kier, Megan; Radcliffe, John; Calabro, Karen; King, Clay
The effect of replacing soybean oil (SBO) with almond oil (AO) on the hedonic characteristics (appearance, taste, texture, and overall likeability) of four products (carrot muffins, bread, cornbread, and chocolate chip cookies) was determined in 71 participants (40 female; 30 male). A split plot factorial analysis of variance design was used to avoid order effects. Products were rated on a nine-point hedonic scale (1 = Dislike Extremely; 9 = Like Extremely). With the exception of the values for texture, taste, and overall likeability for bread (for which values were significantly [p < .05] higher for the AO than the SBO product), there were no significant between-product differences. Gender had no effect on product rating. For both sets of products, the ranking from the highest (4) to lowest (1), using values for overall likeability was: cookies (4); muffins (3); cornbread (2); and bread (1). Thus, replacement of SBO with AO had no appreciable effect on the assessed hedonic characteristics for either gender or on within set, or oil type, ranking.
The acceptability of snack chips fortified with calcium carbonate
(1978-08) Harvey, Elizabeth Adele; Alford, Betty; Shepherd, Irma; Brown, Wilma A.
Acceptability of snack foods prepared especially for elderly diabetics
(1981-12) Wedgwood, Ann Marie; Brown, Wilma; Shanklin, Carol; Reber, Elwood
Acceptability of yeast breads prepared with varying methods of fermentation and baking
(Texas Woman's University, 1982-08) Gould, Rebecca Ann Matocha
Acceptance of modified low glycemic index diet foods by severely obese Mexican or Mexican American girls ages 12-19
(2009-12) Matamoros, Rebeca; Moreland, Karen; Wiemann, Constance; Bush, Rose
One of the most common health problems facing America's youth today is obesity. There are many different approaches being used in order to aid adolescents and children with weight loss. One of these approaches is the modified low glycemic index (LGI) diet. The purpose of this study was to identify the acceptability of incorporating modified LGI diet foods into the diets of Mexican/Mexican-American severely obese adolescent girls ages 12 to 19 years by examining the home, school, after school, and work environments of 20 English speaking only or bilingual families. This was accomplished through qualitative analysis of in-home interviews conducted with the adolescent and her family. Participants' responses were divided among the tenets of the modified LGI and the acceptability also varied greatly across the families interviewed. In conclusion, the modified LGI diet might be acceptable among severely obese Mexican/Mexican American girls if more education is provided to the families.
Acceptance of pizza crust prepared with a combination of flours
(Texas Woman's University, 1982-12) Natividad, Jesusa S.,
Accuracy of water delivery in enteral nutrition pumps
(10/3/2018) Toth, Erin Jade; Patterson, Mindy A.
Background: Adequate delivery of both enteral formula and water in patients receiving enteral nutrition (EN) is critical in illness recovery and maintaining hydration status. Pump malfunction has recently been identified as a factor that impedes enteral formula delivery, however rarely is inadequate enteral water delivery investigated. The purpose of this study was to explore the accuracy of delivering 1 L of water by EN pumps using different flush volumes and hang heights. Methods: Three EN pumps were used in vitro to flush 1 L of water at 50 mL per hour for 20 hours and 500 mL every 4 hours for 8 hours, at 0” and 18” hang heights. Fifteen test runs were conducted at each volume and hang height per pump. Actual delivered enteral water, remaining volume in feed bags, and volume reported by the pump were recorded. Results: Hang height of 18” delivered a mean 3.91% (95% CI, 3.25 to 4.57) more water than bags hung at 0” (p < 0.0005). When delivering water in 500 mL increments, 1.57% (95% CI, 0.92 to 2.23) more water was delivered than when delivered in 50 mL increments (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Appropriate hang height recommendations improve enteral water delivery in patients receiving EN. The most accurate setting was 500 mL at 18”, resulting in adequate delivery in 97.8% of the test runs, while 50 mL at 0” delivered adequately 17.8% of the time. More research is needed to understand the implications of inadequate water delivery caused by EN pump inaccuracy.
Acute metabolic effects of consuming either whey protein concentrate or hydrolysate versus carbohydrate in healthy young men
(5/30/2017) Vogel, Rosanne M.; DiMarco, Nancy M.; Ben-Ezra, Victor; Nichols, David L., Ph. D.
The acute metabolic responses to consuming isocaloric drinks containing either whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH), or carbohydrate placebo (CHO) were examined. In a single-blind, randomized, crossover design, 14 healthy young men consumed each of the treatments and had their resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) assessed by indirect calorimetry over a 3-hr postprandial period. Values were compared to a pretreatment, fasting baseline measurement using repeated-measures ANOVA. WPH and WPC significantly (p < .05) elevated REE versus CHO, and WPC elevated REE greater than WPH at 120 min. WPH significantly (p < .05) lowered RER compared to CHO and WPC at 90 min. Both proteins increased REE versus isocaloric CHO, indicating a higher thermic effect of food. WPH, but not WPC, influenced substrate utilization with a shift favoring lipid metabolism versus CHO, which may help explain previous findings of fat loss with WPH, but not WPC.
Advancing use of computer applications and the Internet among the dietetic profession
(2000-08) Pangan, Teresa
An examination of the metabolic, cholesterogenic and lipogenic effects of whey protein isolate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
(2022-08-01T05:00:00.000Z) Balcom, Shenavia; LeMieux, Monique; Broughton, Kenneth; Warren, Cynthia; Davis, Kathleen; Miketinas, Derek
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine abnormality in women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of around 18% based on the current Rotterdam diagnostic criteria. Dyslipidemia as a result of altered lipid metabolism is common in this population. Thus, women with PCOS have an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Study design: The 3x2 factorial study aimed to understand the in vivo and in vitro effects of 40-day whey protein isolate (WPI) supplementation in 14 women with and without PCOS. A two-way mixed model ANOVA was used to compare alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) before, during and after 40 days of 35g WPI ingestion. To correlate these findings, HepG2 cells were grown under normal conditions before 48-hour exposure to plasma from women in the previously described clinical study. An independent samples t-test was used to assess changes in gene expression of DGAT2, FAS, ACAT1, HMGCR, LDLr, LPL, and HSL from days 0, 20 and 40 compared to a negative control. A one-way ANOVA was run to compare differences in hepatic lipid accumulation between plasma source groups. Results: ALT did not differ among days [F(2,24) = 0.24, p = .79] or between groups [ F(1,12) = 0.57, p = .47]. There was a significant effect of condition (CON vs. PCOS) on mean TC concentration (mean difference = 32.918, SE = 11.63 mg/dL, p = .015, η2 = .400), but the main effect of day was not significant [F(2,24) = 0.56, p = .58]. On day 40, significant differences were observed in the mRNA expression of DGAT2, FASN, LDLr, and LPL (p < .05 for all) in those cells treated with plasma from the CON or PCOS group. A similar relationship was not observed for HMGCR, HSL, or ACAT1. Lipid accumulation decreased in both groups (NS), but the effect was not maintained. Conclusion: This 40-day WPI supplementation study provides evidence that key regulators of lipid metabolism in women with PCOS may be affected by long-term WPI supplementation, but further exploration is needed to enhance our understanding of changes in the in vivo environment.
An exploratory study of college students' attitudes toward dietary protein: Development of a dietary protein assessment survey instrument
(6/12/2019) Ackerman, Parker C; Warren, Cynthia; Miketinas, Derek
The purpose of this exploratory study was to develop a survey to estimate college students’ attitudes towards dietary protein. The dimensionality of the attitude constructs in the Dietary Protein Assessment Survey (DPAS) instrument was explored in this study. The survey consisted of 64 questions, including 14 attitude questions. The dimensionality of the attitude constructs was explored by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal axis factoring and a promax rotation. Internal consistency reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha. After removing items that did not factor, the EFA retained three factors and explained 73.9% of variance: human/environmental health (5 items), organic sources (2 items), and protein RDA (2 items). The Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin test (0.76) and Bartlett’s test (p <0.001) indicated data was appropriate for EFA. Attitudes towards protein appear to be multi-dimensional and correlated. Further testing is needed to confirm the hypothesized 3-factor model and to estimate test-retest reliability of this survey.
An in-depth analysis of beer flavor and its impact on consumer refreshing perception
(1/8/2021) Hampton, Amy; Broughton, K. Shane
Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage worldwide and a known source of refreshment. Refreshment is defined as an emotional response to a food consumption experience; nevertheless, there is a very limited understanding of beer refreshment and its impact factors. The objective of this study was to determine how sensory attributes, specifically flavor and alcohol-related, impacted refreshment post-beer consumption using a survey, consumer study, and volatile analysis. A preliminary beer survey (n = 1,050) indicated that consumers believed beer was highly refreshing (≥8 out of 10). Flavor and temperature were major impactful factors for refreshment, along with a “clean and crisp” flavor profile. According to survey results, a consumer study was conducted to test how flavor types and alcohol levels impacted beer refreshment. Participants (n = 322) rated 13 beer samples (three flavor types: citrus, cucumber, or lime x 4 alcohol levels: 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% abv., plus the control: non-alcoholic beer base- Heineken 0.0) for liking and intensity of refreshment as well as six sensory attributes. The consumer study elucidated that alcohol levels and flavor types significantly affected consumer's perceived refreshment based on ANOVA, MANOVA, and partial least squares (PLS), p < 0.01. A majority of consumers preferred a citrus-flavored beer and an alcohol level of 2.5% abv. Volatile profiles of three pilsners (Carlsberg, Heineken 0.0, and Michelob Ultra) were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Volatile analysis indicated specific esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate), terpenes (D-limonene and linalool), and aldehydes (acetaldehyde, isovaleric aldehyde, hexanal, nonanal) were common volatiles in three beers, which might associate with acceptance and preference by consumers. The significance derived from this thesis research revealed that flavor type and alcohol level significantly impact perceived refreshment. The addition of citrus flavor to the beer base with a 2.5% abv. created an ideal experience of sensory attributes and the highest overall acceptance. In the development of new and existing beers, a balance of flavor, alcohol, and volatiles are imperative for the refreshing perception.
Analysis of resistant starch content among different potato varieties and the impact of one variety on satiety
(9/4/2020) Kung, Stephanie; Patterson, Mindy A.
Resistant starch (RS) content can be impacted by cooking method and potato variety and have effects on satiety when consumed. This study analyzed RS content among three potato varieties (Red Norland, Russet, and Yukon Gold) where each were cooked using five different methods and serving temperatures (boiled used hot, baked used hot, baked then chilled one day, baked then chilled three days, and baked then chilled five days). RS content was the highest in Russet potatoes baked then chilled for five days (6.21g/100g) and lowest in Yukon Gold potatoes boiled used hot (1.84 g/100g). Cooking method showed an effect on RS content (p<0.001) but RS did not differ among potato variety (p=0.247). Then, Russet potatoes were utilized in a randomized crossover trial that examined their impact on subjective satiety measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and satiety biomarkers glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). In the trial, the females consumed boiled potatoes served hot and baked then chilled potatoes consumed on separate occasions with VAS scores and GLP-1 and PYY. No differences in the area under the curve (AUC) for AUC(0-120 min) for GLP-1 and PYY and overall subjective satiety were found between the boiled and chilled potatoes.
Anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective role of tart cherry polyphenols in SW1353 human chondrocytes
(1/25/2019) Lucero, Jacquelynn Elise; Broughton, K. Shane
The aim of this study was to investigate the chondroprotective effect of tart cherry polyphenols (TCP) using human chondrocytes. Chondrocytes (SW 1353) were pre-treated with TCP at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 µg/mL for 24 h then stimulated with the recombinant interleukin-1β (20 ng/mL) for 24 hours. After an initial increase (p<0.05) in cell proliferation at 1.25 µg/mL TCP, a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation was observed with higher doses of TCP. Following a significant decrease in nitrate levels at the 1.25 µg/mL TCP dose, there was a dose-dependent increase in nitrate concentration. The dose-dependent increase in nitrate levels occurred with concomitant decreases in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) intracellular protein expression at the two highest TCP doses. Reductions in cartilage degradation were observed in the 2.5, 5, and 10 µg/mL TCP doses, as indicated by decreases in glycoprotein-39 (YKL-40) levels. TCP appeared to have no significant effect on total protein expression of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor, necrosis factor kappa B (NF-κB), or the matrix degrading enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3). In conclusion, these findings suggest that TCP promote cartilage health by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways implicated in extracellular matrix destruction, as indicated by the effect of TCP doses on nitrite, iNOS, and YKL-40 levels. However, further research is need to elucidate the mechanism by which tart cherry polyphenols elicit these positive effects on cartilage health.
Anti-inflammatory and joint-protective effects of blueberries in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) induced rat model of osteoarthritis
(9/2/2020) South, Sanique M; Juma, Shanil
The purpose of this dissertation project was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and joint-protective effects of blueberries and its polyphenols using an in vitro and in vivo study design. The in vitro design used rabbit synoviocytes stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Rabbit synoviocytes (HIG-82) were treated with 0, 100, 150, and 200 µg/mL of blueberry polyphenols (BBPs) and stimulated with 10ng/ml TNFα. The in vivo study design employed a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) induced rat model of osteoarthritis. Forty, 45-day-old female CD rats were used where thirty rats were injected with MIA to induce joint destruction associated with osteoarthritis and ten rats served as control without induction of joint destruction. The MIA injected rats were randomized into three groups consisting of 10 animals. All groups were fed a casein-based diet with two of the MIA induced groups receiving an addition of whole blueberry powder at 5% and 10%, respectively for 48 days. The animals were weighed weekly throughout the study period and food intake monitored and recorded. Fasted blood specimens and other tissues were collected after euthanasia for analysis. Mechanical allodynia and joint width were assessed at four timepoint throughout the study to evaluate changes in pain behaviors and edema. Results from the in vitro study showed TNFα increased cell proliferation by ~ 19% compared to the non-stimulated control. This was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner with the treatment of blueberry polyphenols. TNFα stimulated, cells treated with BBP resulted in decreases in interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) concentration. The expression of metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) increased 5-fold in the TNFα stimulated synoviocytes but was decreased by 3-fold in the blueberry treated cells. Findings in the MIA rat study demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.05) mechanical allodynia in the MIA group compared to the control group at baseline. Mechanical allodynia was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced after 40 days in the 10% whole blueberry treated group but no effects was seen in the 5% whole blueberry group. There was no effect of edema in the MIA induced groups compared to the control. There was no significant difference in average weight between the four groups at baseline and at the end of the study. The addition of whole blueberry into the diet of the MIA injected animals resulted in decreased serum concentrations of hyaluronic acid, and IL-10 concentrations. Protein expression of COMP and NFĸB were downregulated in cartilage samples. The gene expression of MMP3 and Col1a1 were significantly upregulated in the MIA group compared to the control group. A non-significant decrease was observed with blueberry treatment in MMP2, MMP3, Sufl 1 and NFĸB expression. These results suggest that whole blueberries with its naturally occurring bioactives incorporated into the diet may be a potential complimentary therapeutic agent for reducing inflammation, improving joint health, and alleviating pain associated with osteoarthritis.
Anti-proliferative effects of Lentinan, a Beta-glucan from shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes)
(2022-02-02) Sombuor, Titus; Broughton, K Shane; Bergel, Michael; Moorek, Carolyn E.
Cancer is one of the most significant health challenges worldwide. Lentinan, a β-glucan from shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes, has been demonstrated to have an inhibitory effect on selected cancer cells but results are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effect of lentinan on breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7), prostate carcinoma (DU-145) and ovarian carcinoma (SKOV3) using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5—(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay and explore possible mechanisms of action of this compound. In the MCF-7 cells that were used as a positive control, lentinan without phenol red resulted in a significant inhibition of cell viability by 96% while in the presence of phenol red, the weak estrogen effect attributable to phenol red eliminated the significant inhibitory effect of lentinan. Treatment of DU-145 cells with different doses of lentinan resulted in up to a 42% inhibition in cell growth. In SKOV3 cells, lentinan induced a biphasic response where doses of 800 µg/ml or less increased cell viability by 76% – 148%, however a dose of 1.6 mg/ml inhibited cell proliferation significantly by 87%. When SKOV3 cells were co-treated with lentinan (800 µg/ml or less) and laminarin (a Dectin-1 receptor antagonist), the proliferation promoting effect of lentinan was dominant over the proliferation inhibiting effect of laminarin. However, when lentinan was presented at significant higher levels (1600 µg/ml), the inhibitory effect of the two agents became additive in suppressing SKOV3 cell proliferation. Lentinan induced a biphasic response in human ovarian surface epithelial cells (HOSEpC) similar to SKOV3 cells where the highest dose (1600 µg/ml) resulted in inhibition of cell growth by 53%. Western blots after treatment of SKOV3 cells with 1600 µg/ml of lentinan demonstrated caspase-3 activation and a decreased anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 levels. Our findings reveal that lentinan can be considered as a potential anti-cancer drug for effective treatment of breast and prostate cancer.
Anticipated roles of foodservice managers as a basis for curriculum development
(Texas Woman's University, 1982-05) Chin, Kiem-Loan Lie

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