TWU Dissertations & Theses

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4-F: The forgotten unfit of the American military in World War II
(2013-01-01) Smith, Tiffany Leigh; Landdeck, Katherine Sharp; Travis, Paul D.; Presnall, Barbara
This research explores how different segments of American society understood, interpreted, and responded to militarily rejected men, classified as 4-F by the Selective Service System during the Second World War. The first area of this study explores the military's intent and meaning in the creation and use of a 4-F classification. The second section is dedicated to an in depth examination of African American rejection rates. As the only minority group in America kept statistically separate by the U.S. Armed Forces and the Selective Service System, special consideration is given to the circumstances and contributing factors influencing the higher rejection of black men. In contrast to official institutional understandings of 4-F, the third section discusses the social stigma and response to 4-F men on the American home front from the general public, business, and vocal politicians. The fourth section details the intimate implications of military rejection and its associative effects on dating and family life. The fifth and final section is dedicated to how and why some 4-F men sought military reclassification out of 4-F. This thesis seeks to broaden the space in the historical narrative for non-combatant men during WWII and re-examine the complex social dynamics of the U.S. home front.
5-HT2A/2C Receptors and lordosis behavior in the female rat
(1998-05) Wolf, Amy; Uphouse, Lynda; Droge, Michael; Hardcastle, James; Kowalski, Jacek; Mills, Nathniel
The effects of hypothalamic infusion of serotonin (5-HT)2A/2C receptor compounds on lordosis behavior were examined in ovariectomized, hormone-primed (0.5 $\mu$g estradiol benzoate, subcutaneuosly (s.c.), followed 48 hr later with 500 $\mu$g progesterone, s.c.) rats. This hormone-priming condition resulted in some rats that were sexually receptive and some that showed low or no sexual behavior. Sexually receptive rats were inhibited when the 5-HT$\rm\sb{2A/2C}$ receptor antagonist, 3-(2-) 4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1-piperdinlyl(ethyl) -2,4(1H,3H)-quinazo-linedione tartrate, ketanserin, was infused into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN). Hormone-primed ovariectomized rats were more affected by the drug than were proestrous rats. The reason for this apparent difference in sensitivity to the drug is unknown. When ovariectomized, hormone-primed rats with low sexual receptivity received VMN infusion with the 5-HT$\rm\sb{2A/2C}$ receptor agonist, ($\pm$)-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane HCl, DOI, sexual behavior increased. Similar increases in lordosis behavior were observed following infusion with the mixed 5-HT receptor compounds, 2-(1-piperazinyl) quinoline dimaleate, quipazine, and N-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl) piperazine hydrochloride, TFMPP. Facilitation of the behavior occurred within 15-20 min of agonist infusion, while inhibition following antagonist infusion occurred more rapidly. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that 5-HT$\rm\sb{2A/2C}$ receptors in the VMN contribute to the facilitation of female rat sexual behavior.
A biomechanical comparison of successful and unsuccessful triple-turn pirouette en dehors trials in ballet
(1/9/2019) Kim, Jemin; Kwon, Young-Hoo
Pirouette en dehors is a turn in which the dancer's body rotates and completes at least one full revolution with one foot on the floor. It is considered difficult to learn and perform in classical ballet. The purpose of this study was to identify biomechanical kinetic differences between the successful- and unsuccessful-trials groups in triple turn pirouette en dehors motion. It was hypothesized that the successful trials group would have larger longitudinal whole body angular momentum (AM), pivoting moment (PM) and ground reaction force moment (GRFM) than the unsuccessful trials group. Forty skilled collegiate or professional classic ballet dancers (11 males and 29 females) were recruited for this study. The participants were divided into two groups based on their successful and unsuccessful trials. Selected variables were computed through a seven-camera (Qualisys-three-dimensional) motion capture system (250 Hz) and two force-plates (Kistler-2500Hz), with 48 reflective markers. The data was imported into the Kwon3D (5.0) motion analysis software for subsequent data processing. Three MANOVA (SPSS 25.0) were used to compare the dependent variables between successful trials group and unsuccessful trials group conditions (each MANOVA was set p < .025). The first MANOVA was completed to compare all primary variables. The second MANOVA was performed to compare expannatory variables. The peak longitudinal AM, AM generation rate, and peak combined PM, gesture foot PM at TPM (time of peak PM) and gesture foot horizontal GRF at TPM were significantly different between the successful- and unsuccessful-trials groups. The successful trials group was characterized by larger whole body longitudinal AM, AM generation rate and peak PM, meaning this group demonstrated superiority in the generation of angular motion. The unsuccessful trials group had an inefficient double-to-single stance phase for the kinetic variables which caused unsuccessful triple turn pirouette en dehors motion. While peak PM is lower for the unsuccessful trials group, a loss of whole body AM and AM rate creates a failed motion. Kinetics plays a major role in the performance of the triple-turn pirouette en dehors. Further investigation to compare kinematic variables for successful- and unsuccessful- trials group is warranted.
A chronological survey of pedagogical trends in music education in the elementary grades
(1948-08-31) Garza, Angelina; Terhune, Persis
A comparison of a school district's music curriculum and ensemble directors' expectations of preparedness within a feeder pattern
(7/23/2018) King, Kelli R; Youngblood, Pamela
The purpose of this study was to compare the level of ensemble directors’ expectations of musical knowledge and skills of their students entering 5th, 7th, and 9th grade in schools within a district feeder pattern. The researcher-designed survey was based on the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for the grade level students had completed the previous year. Participants (N=51) included elementary music specialists and intermediate, middle, and high school band and choir directors employed by a large suburban school district. Band and choir directors and elementary specialists had similar expectations for 3 out of 15 (20%) musical concepts for incoming 5th graders. Band and choir directors had similar expectations for 6 out of 17 (35%) musical concepts for incoming 7th graders and 4 out of 11 (36%) musical concepts for incoming 9th graders. These results suggest that the district could benefit from greater vertical collaboration.
A comparison of construction characteristics dimensional stability and durability of cashmere, acrylic and wool socks
(1996-08) Mote, Marie; Dragoo, Dragoo; Gill, Jack; Riggs, Charles
A comparison of music literacy scores between 6th and 7th grade band and choir students in relationship to practice regimen, private instruction, ensemble membership, and student/teacher ratio
(6/20/2018) Burton, Stephanie R; Baker, Vicki D.; Woolery, Danielle; Thomas, Paul
The purpose of the study is to compare the development of music literacy skills between 6th and 7th grade band and choral students and determine what factors lead to higher achievement. Data were collected while surveying 5 middle school choir and band directors and collecting scores from their district’s benchmark test that they administered to their 24 ensembles/classes at the beginning and the end of the Fall semester to measure their students’ musical literacy. Results showed that the five groups with the highest gains in scores were four 6th-grade band classes (bassoon, trumpet, percussion, clarinet) and one 7th-grade band. Among these five groups, 100% were required to practice outside of class hours, 80% had a student/teacher ratio of 13:1 or less, and 60% had students that were either selected or auditioned. Thirty-eight percent of the combined membership of the five groups were enrolled in private lessons.
A comparison of musical aptitude with reading ability and language development among 1st and 2nd grade students
(May 2023) Fougerousse Aumen, Mary 1992-; Baker, Vicki D.; Lozada, Victor; Thomas, Paul
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of music aptitude with literacy skills for ELL and native English speaker students in the 1st and 2nd grade. This quantitative study follows a correlational design with a comparative component. This study was limited by a small sample (N=28) of 1st and 2nd grade students from one elementary school. Testing instruments for this study included Rhythm and Tonal music aptitude tests from the Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation (IMMA) and literacy measures from the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS), including phonemic segmentation fluency (PSF), nonsense word fluency (NWF), word reading fluency (WRF), and oral reading fluency (ORF). Results indicated that positive relationships existed between Tonal Audiation, Rhythmic Audiation, and the IMMA composite. The IMMA Composite, the Rhythmic Audiation Test, and the PSF from the DIBELS were statistically significant, favoring native English speakers over ELLs.
A comparison of nursing and non-nursing salaries among inactive nurses
(1986-05) King, Yvonne; Huges, Oneida; Sandra, Strickland; Goad, Susan
A comparison of overall function between postpartum women with and without diastasis rectus abdominis (DRA)
(May 2023) Celso, Jennifer E 1975-; Wang-Price, Sharon; Weber, Mark; Brizzolara, Kelli
Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether the Inventory of Functional Status after Childbirth (IFSAC) questionnaire could identify deficiencies in overall function of postpartum women with diastasis rectus abdominis (DRA). Specifically, the IFSAC scores were compared between postpartum women with and without DRA. The secondary purpose of the study was to determine the reliability and construct validity of a self-palpation assessment of inter-rectus distance (IRD) via telehealth instruction for diagnosing DRA. Methods: Twenty-one women, 610 weeks after vaginal delivery, completed the study. All participants completed the IFSAC questionnaire before a telehealth visit and an in-person visit for DRA diagnosis. To determine the within-session intrarater reliability of the telehealth-instructed self-palpation assessment of IRD for DRA diagnosis, each participant completed the self-palpation assessment twice during the telehealth visit. To determine the between-day intrarater reliability of the self-palpation method for DRA diagnosis, each participant completed another self-palpation assessment during the in-person visit. During the in-person visit, DRA diagnoses made by ultrasonographic assessment of IRD were used to determine the construct validity of the self-palpation method. Each participant was assigned to the DRA group or no DRA group using the DRA diagnosis made by ultrasonography. Results: Although participants with DRA (n = 10) reported a slightly lower total IFSCA score (median = 3.28) than those without DRA (n = 6; median = 3.46), there were no statistically significant differences in scores between the two groups (p = 0.635). The reliability analysis showed a moderate-to-substantial agreement of DRA diagnosis for both the within-session intrarater reliability and between-day intrarater reliability with k = 0.76 and k = 0.50, respectively. For construct validity, there was no or poor (k = -0.290.36) agreement between the self-palpation assessment via telehealth and ultrasound assessments for DRA diagnosis. Conclusion: The results indicates that the IFSAC questionnaire may not be an adequate outcome measure to determine functional levels for postpartum women with DRA. Although telehealth-instructed self-palpation assessment for DRA diagnosis is reliable, this method does not appear to be valid. This suggests that DRA diagnosis for postpartum women should be assessed in-person by qualified clinicians.
A comparison of the attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge of nutrigenomics between dietetic students in the USA and Mexico
(2/5/2019) VanBuren, Christine A.; Imrhan, Victorine; Prasad, Chandan
The purpose of this study was to compare nutrition/dietetic students from Texas Woman’s University (TWU) and Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) in respect to their perceived need, interest, and knowledge of different topics within nutritional genomics. A nutritional genomics survey was administered to students at UANL and compared to students at TWU that had taken the survey as part of a previous study. The data was analyzed using chi-square test of homogeneity and Fisher’s exact test. The results showed that students from TWU and UANL differed from each other in their knowledge level, desire to learn more, and perceived need for ‘omic’ technologies. Both TWU and UANL students lack a high level of knowledge about different ‘omic’ topics but recognize the important role that ‘omics’ will play in their future careers as dietitians.
A comparison of the impact of curriculum on the perceived level of self-determination in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities
(1/2/2019) Guthrie, Terry Mike; Pemberton, Jane
Higher levels of perceived self-determination (SD) in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) often correlate to improved post-school outcomes in education, employment, independent living, and relationships. It is imperative that instructional practices used with students with IDD address the behaviors and skills that a person must possess to be self-determined. This study used a quasi-experimental design to measure the perceived level of self-determination (SD) and the four essential characteristics of self-determined behavior and skills: autonomy, self-regulation, psychological empowerment, and self-realization in 18 adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The curriculum used was Life Centered Education (LCE) (Wandery, Wehmeyer & Glor-Scheib, 2013). Results of the study revealed statistically significant differences in self-regulation interpersonal cognitive problem-solving norm sample and self-regulation interpersonal cognitive problem-solving positive scores between participants with an intellectual disability compared to those with a developmental disability. Additionally, there were significant differences in mean scores between disabilities in all four essential characteristics of self-determination.
A content analysis of 10 scholarly journals from 2007-2017: What has been written about long term African American married couples
(12/20/2018) Chism-Nicholas, Edna; Armstrong, Joyce; Gillum, Nerissa
The purpose of this study was to examine what has been written about long term African American marriages in 10 selected scholarly journals. Marriages greatly impact multiple domains and relationships in the African American community. There is a multitude of marital research in many social science fields. However, there is a lack of literature as it specifically relates to African American long-term couples. Due to the lack of literature in this field it would benefit social science professionals, especially family therapists, to learn more about these relationships. In this study the researcher utilized a quantitative and qualitative approach to explore the literature, identifying themes found in the journal articles. The major themes discovered were Spirituality, Cultural issues, Equity, and Family. The Journal of Black Studies had the largest number of articles on the topic with 4 of 3,877 (0.00103%) articles being relevant to the research topic. Recommendations for future research were suggested.
A content analysis of battering interventions: Development of a unified framework for treating relationally violent men
(12/7/2020) Slack, Christopher S.; Porras Pyland, Claudia; Stabb, Sally
Men’s violence against women in the form of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been an ongoing concern worldwide. While awareness of IPV and interventions for survivors of IPV have grown over the last several decades, relatively little attention has been given to improving battering intervention programs (BIPs) that address men’s violence. Existing data from BIPs show that relationally violent men (RVM) can be a very difficult population to treat. Meta-analyses across BIPs with differing theoretical ideologies show that these programs tend to struggle to retain RVM and have small effects on decreasing recidivism. The current dissertation conducted a content analysis of the available BIP literature addressing men’s violence to develop a more wholistic and unified psychotherapy approach for treating RVM. Propositions related to the causes of IPV, hypotheses regarding treatment, and corresponding operational definitions of interventions were identified in the BIP literature focused on treatment interventions. From this content analysis, a unified model of treating RVM was developed. The resulting unified approach for treating RVM may help to inform future treatment directions and improve the effectiveness of BIP programs in reducing men’s violence and preventing drop out. By allowing therapists and BIP facilitators to respond more flexibly and encouraging a more wholistic view of RVM, it is also hoped that this unified approach will aid facilitators looking to expand their repertoire of skills and conceptualization of RVM.
A content analysis of evidence-based romantic adult attachment articles: How marital satisfaction is impacted by couple reports of spirituality/religiosity
(11/27/2017) Hunter, Melissa; Ladd, Linda, Ph. D.; Brock, Linda J.; McCarroll, Elizabeth
The purpose of this research was to examine romantic adult attachment theory and how marital satisfaction is impacted by spirituality/religiosity, while also exploring how spirituality influences conflict and communication in marriages. A content analysis was used to further investigate these variables by comparing ten articles from scholarly peer-reviewed journals. The researcher created a Coding Form and taught two coders to code the data by using a Coding Guide. This dissertation was guided by the research questions: “How have research-based articles published in scholarly journals addressed how romantic adult attachment, marital satisfaction, communication, and /or conflict are impacted when spirituality/ religiosity is added as a variable to these studies?” And “What are the gaps and limitations in the research based on romantic adult attachment, marital satisfaction, communication and/or conflict plus spirituality/religiosity when articles from 1992-2017 are considered?” Currently, there is no review of how spirituality/religiosity and romantic adult attachment interact with marital satisfaction, conflict, and communication in a therapeutic environment. Having the knowledge of this interaction will help therapists better use spirituality/religiosity as a factor in their therapeutic process. When the researcher examined the variables in the ten articles, it became apparent that conflict and communication were insufficiently supported by the journal articles. The prominent variables in this content analysis then became spirituality/religiosity and marital satisfaction. It was found that anxiety attachment is not related to some religious coping such as praying or attending faith services. Those with avoidant attachment demonstrated both higher and/or lower religious coping. Another finding was how attachment to God mirrors romantic adult attachment. Marital satisfaction correlated with commitment level and couple’s attitude. Some factors identified as risks or resilience were community, attitude towards divorce, willingness to seek help, commitment, church attendance, prayer, and forgiveness. Future research is needed on how gender impacts both spirituality and attachment. Several of the articles determined that gender impacted attachment, but had inconclusive findings due to limited attention and/or research. Another area where more research is needed is with intercultural/cultural relationships. Family of origin and the impact it has on an adult’s spirituality/religiosity is also needed to be studied more in depth.
A content analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles: How is mindfulness applied in couples therapy in the mental health field?
(5/2/2018) Runge, Lori J.; Ladd, Linda; Brock, Linda J.; Muro, Joel
ABSTRACT LORI J. RUNGE M.S. A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLES: HOW IS MINDFULNESS APPLIED IN COUPLES THERAPY IN THE MENTAL HEALTH FIELD? March 2018 The rationale behind this study is to understand how mental health professionals currently use and apply mindfulness in couples therapy. This study was guided by two primary research questions: “Since 2000, how are mindfulness interventions and techniques applied in couples therapy in the mental health profession with relationship to understanding variables such as well-being, empathy, self-esteem, and emotional regulation?” and “How have researchers explored and expanded the usefulness of mindfulness in evidenced based research journals specific to couple therapy in the mental health profession with particular examination on relationship satisfaction?” This study included articles retrieved from peer reviewed scholarly research journals with emphasis on the mental health profession. Articles that were published between 2000-2017 with content pertaining to mindfulness in couples therapy were retrieved for analysis. There were 13 peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles that met the final criteria for inclusion in this study. The coding procedure began by developing a coding form to assist the coding team in analyzing the collected data. The final sample of 13 articles were then coded for relevant information applicable to mindfulness in couples therapy. Three major themes emerged from the coding process; mindfulness was found to have a positive effect in relationship satisfaction, emotional reactivity and acceptance and awareness. These themes give insight into how mindfulness is being applied and used in the mental health field in couples therapy. The potential benefits of mindfulness on relationships have only recently begun to be explored. The results of this content analysis have multiple implications for researchers to add to the understanding and application of mindfulness in the mental health profession with emphasis on the benefits of mindfulness in regard to relationships. In summary, mindfulness is not just a tool or technique, it is a way of being (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). Shapiro and Carlson (2017) stated that, “Mindfulness is both a process (mindful practice) and an outcome (mindful awareness)” (p. 10). Understanding that mindfulness has tools and techniques that can be taught to individuals and couples to benefit their lives can be confusing due to the fact that there is not a definitive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the positive changes reported in research study results. Blending ancient philosophies of the East into the Western world of modern science is indeed encircled with challenges; and yet the possibilities of bringing these two epistemologies together creates enormous potential and opportunities to diminish the suffering of clients in the mental health profession.
A convergent parallel mixed method study on the experience of coping during high-risk pregnancy and prescribed bed rest
(5/14/2019) Boyd, Ellen; Freysteinson, Wyona M.
Antepartum bed rest and hospitalization are frequently prescribed for high-risk women experiencing pregnancy complications. Bed rest may result in problems for the high-risk mother including isolation, boredom, anxiety, depression and separation from their families. The aim of this study is to analyze the coping behaviors of high-risk pregnant women hospitalized and prescribed bed rest. Also, to describe the lived experience of high-risk pregnant women hospitalized and prescribed bed rest. A convergent parallel mixed method design was used to analyze the coping behaviors of 40 high-risk pregnant women. A secondary analysis of data from the Brief Cope Scale (Carver, 1997) was used for the quantitative portion. Transcripts from the same 40 high-risk mothers were reviewed as a secondary analysis using a Step-by-Step Simple Thematic Analysis (Nowell Norris, White & Moules, 2017). The most frequently identified maternal coping behaviors were emotional support, positive reframing, religion, acceptance, instrumental support and planning. The less frequently used coping behaviors were self-distraction, humor, substance use, self-blame, denial and behavioral disengagement. The overreaching theme from the qualitative analysis was Coping in High-Risk Pregnancy. Seven themes were identified from the transcripts: Family Burdens, Fearfully Waiting, Leaning on Faith, Hope, Acceptance, Knowledge Seeking and Support Enhances Maternal Coping. Quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to identify those behaviors that were convergent or divergent in this mixed method design. By identifying adaptive coping behaviors of high-risk hospitalized mothers antepartum care may be improved.
A critical discourse analysis of Mexican cooking devoted to American homes by Josefina Velazquez de Leon and my Mexico by Diana Kennedy
(August 2023) Haynes, Jacqui Denise 1981-; Lackey, Dundee; Busl, Gretchen; Fehler, Brian
This Ph.D. dissertation employs a critical discourse analysis approach, backed by cultural rhetorics, to evaluate the significance of Mexico's Indigenous people speaking for themselves in discussions surrounding cultural survivance through Indigenous foods and cookbooks. I apply Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model to My Mexico: A Culinary Odyssey of More Than 300 Recipes by Diana Kennedy and Mexican Cookbook Devoted to American Homes by Josefina Velazquez de Leon, to identify instances of language that demonstrate resistance and survivance, as well as appropriation, in the recovery and representation of Indigenous people's works. This dissertation challenges the widely held belief that Diana Kennedy is the foremost expert on Mexican cuisine by examining introductions, recipes, and interviews by and about both women and documenting language use which counters the preservation and representation of Mexico's Indigenous culture. In doing so, I reiterate that it is Josefina Velazquez de Leon who extensively researched and documented Mexican food before Kennedy and deserves recognition as the pioneer who preserved and represented Mexico and Mexico's Indigenous foods through cookbooks. Despite her significant contributions, Velazquez de Leon remains relatively unknown outside of Mexico, and the lack of visibility and acknowledgment of her work contributes to the erasure of Indigenous people's voices from the conversations about Indigenous foods. By examining the difference between Indigenous people speaking for themselves through their food and cookbooks, compared to an outsider sharing observations of Indigenous people's storied recipes, this research seeks to contribute to ongoing debates about cultural preservation, representation, and agency in Mexico's diverse cultural landscape. The findings of this study will help to shed light on the importance of amplifying the voices of Mexico Indigenous people in discussions surrounding their cultural heritage and reveal how the latter's contributions to the field of Mexican cuisine have been largely overlooked by the mainstream media and food industry.
A descriptive phenomenological study of nursing student experiences of clinical data use in clinical rotations
(11/9/2017) Straughn, Marcia; Liu, Fuqin, 1977-; Lee, Mikyoung; Zeigler, Vicki
Clinical learning experiences are important opportunities for nursing students in that they gather and synthesize data of patients’ conditions, provide appropriate nursing interventions, and evaluate patient outcomes, applying their knowledge and skills learned from the classroom in real practice. In order to ensure quality clinical learning for nursing students, it is vital to hear the voices of nursing students on how they experience clinical learning, particularly with regards to clinical data use. This qualitative, exploratory approach was conducted, using descriptive phenomenology as the philosophical framework, through in-depth interviews with eighteen junior and senior baccalaureate nursing students at a large, public university in Texas. The interview data were analyzed according to Colaizzi’s method of descriptive phenomenological data analysis. Theme 1: Help Wanted was revealed in descriptions of needing or wanting help with using clinical data. Theme 2: Making Sense, included descriptions about ways that clinical data make sense and ways that clinical data assisted students in making sense in both clinical and classroom. Theme 3: Recognizing Usefulness emerged from descriptions of how clinical data was used or could be used. Participant descriptions of how clinical data in clinical rotations was related to communication illuminated Theme 4: Engaging in Communication. Descriptions of the impact of the assigned nurse on student experiences with using clinical data in clinical rotations resulted in the emergence of Theme 5: Nurse as Key Player. Lastly, Theme 6: Emotionally Charged, emerged from descriptions about emotional experiences related to experiences of clinical data use in clinical rotations. The thematic findings were reduced according to Colaizzi’s method, resulting in an exhaustive statement of description, and a descriptive statement of identification of the phenomenon of interest. The findings may be used to assist nurse educators in developing effective ways to help students use clinical data for effective clinical learning. Suggestions to achieve this aim include improved orientation for educators and nursing staff and emotional support for students. Policy development to address barriers to effective clinical learning and the development of the future nursing workforce remains an important strategy for supporting nursing students and their preparation for entry into professional nursing practice.
A descriptive survey of the trends of music therapy interns vocal health
(May 2023) Jeong, Yeojin 1994-; DiMaio, Lauren; West, Rebecca; Tarr, Jeffery
The purpose of this study is to investigate the vocal health tendencies of music therapy interns. The descriptive survey was administered to 25 music therapy interns. The results indicated that a majority of the participants experienced vocal fatigue and had a limited understanding of their own voices and the importance of warm-up and cool-down exercises. This lack of knowledge may be attributed to inadequate practical education and a lack of clear guidelines from the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) regarding vocal health. As a result, interns were prone to neglect the importance of proper vocal care. This study highlights the need for more practical voice education and clearer guidelines from AMTA regarding vocal health for music therapy interns.