TWU Dissertations & Theses

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Middle school student perceptions of school lunch following revised federal school meal guidelines
(03/12/2014) Kjosen, Maria; Moore, Carolyn E.; Cullen, Karen; Warren, Cynthia
Since the revisions to the school meal guidelines in 2012, few studies have assessed student perceptions about school lunch. During the 2012-2013 school year, 1,867 middle school students (grades 6th, 7th, and 8th) in the Houston, Texas area completed questionnaires regarding various aspects of school lunch. The questionnaires examined if perceptions of school lunch differed based on gender, grade level, income, or frequency of eating school lunch. Analysis of variance was used in the analyses. Sixth graders (more than any other grade) reported greater satisfaction for meal perceptions (including taste, presentation, and variety) (P < .001), while students from low-income schools reported less satisfaction in this category (P< .001). Sixth graders, and boys, were significantly more likely to report selecting and consuming fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (P < .001, P < .05 respectively). Finally, students from low-income schools, and students who consumed school lunch more frequently were more satisfied with staff attentiveness (P < .001, P < .001 respectively). The most popular reason for eating school lunch was "I am hungry". These results demonstrate the need for further investigation and intervention in order to accommodate the varying student perceptions of school lunch.
The body as voice, visual culture epistemologies
(Aug-23) Spencer, Caitlin Elizabeth 1993-; Dr. Sara Ishii-Bear; Megan Griffiths; Michael Giovanni Valderas
This project explores the ways Black and Latinx women of color artists express identity through the body in visual art. It is two part in nature, consisting of written research and an entire curated art exhibition. For the purposes of this thesis, I present four works from within the exhibition from artists Ari Brielle, Tiara Unique Francois, Tina Medina and Eliana Miranda. The theme of the project and exhibition centers around the concept of Intersectionality and the ways these women use the site of the body to reflect interconnected, social and personal issues women of color face and the ways they contribute to social justice. Each artwork is accompanied by a visual analysis that connects elements within the work to Black and Chicana feminist theory on Intersectionality and the creative process as tools of resistance and resilience.
Online fandom communities and queer identity formation: An autoethnography
(Aug-23) Buchanan, Kaylee 1997-; Bones, Paul; Williams, James; Beins, Agatha
“Online fandom communities'' (OFCs) operate across different social media platforms with the common characteristics of anonymity, internet dialect, and subcultural ideals. Using an autoethnographic approach, this thesis examines the effect of online fandom communities on queer identification. These characteristics can operate as a safe space for queer peers to engage with the art they admire and with people who share their experiences. This has been the experience of the author who, as a queer woman on the cusp of the Millennial and Gen. Z generations, has been engaged with fandom in different forms for over 10 years.
The relationship of band directors’ personal characteristics, professional skills, and external factors to student achievement: A comparison of in-service and pre-service band directors’ perspectives
(Aug-23) Lawson, Eric; Baker, Vicki D.; Biggers, Carter; Woolery, Danielle
The twofold purpose of this study was: 1.) to determine which personal characteristics, professional skills, and external factors contribute to the success of a band program and 2.) to compare the perspectives of in-service (n=62) and pre-service (n=35) band directors. Results from this study indicated that personal characteristics linked to personability, moral fortitude, and ethical behavior were most significant to both groups of survey participants. Additionally, this study determined that in-service band directors value personal characteristics more than pre-service band directors and the pre-service directors valued professional skills and external factors more than the in-service directors. However, both participant groups agreed that high school band director personal characteristics were most important to the success of a band program followed by professional skills and external factors.
Exploring the role of music ensemble directors in strengthening racial identity among Asian American high school students
(Aug-23) Cruz, Cryselle 1999-; Baker, Vicki D.; West, Rebecca; Thomas, Paul
The twofold purpose of this study was: 1. to bring awareness, and therefore an increased understanding of the complex experience of Asian Americans in music and 2. to explore the role of high school music educators in developing a positive racial identity for their Asian music ensemble members. Participants (N=62) were adult Asian Americans who had participated in a high school music ensemble. Results of the survey indicated that almost one-half of participants played in orchestra (n=30), followed closely by choir (n=28). Most participants indicated that music was an important part of their childhood and that they had relatives and close family friends who were musicians. The majority of participants also indicated that performing Asian music or music by Asian composers may have helped them feel more respected and appreciated in their high school music classrooms, and therefore helped them develop positive racial identities as Asian Americans.
A phenomenological exploration of the financial implications of being a music therapist
(Aug-23) Turner, Sarah Abigail 1997-; DiMaio, Lauren; Woolery, Danielle; West, Rebecca
Music therapists experience several financial responsibilities as they undergo completing their degree and internship, becoming certified, and working as professionals. Scant literature exists that encompasses the broad range of experiences throughout this timeline. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how financial responsibilities impacted music therapists’ lived experiences as students and professionals. The researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with five board-certified music therapists and used an interpretive phenomenological analysis to derive four major themes: complexities within the music therapy career, privilege, advocacy, and burnout. Practical implications are made for music therapists to better understand the potential barriers and circumstances that exist in the field and to begin to establish necessary support and change.
Protective and risk factors of burnout for newer music therapists: A convergent parallel mixed methods study
(Aug-23) Woodward, Amber Patrice 1987-; West, Rebecca; DiMaio, Lauren; Thomas, Paul
The purpose of this mixed methods research study was to identify what the protective measures and risk factors of burnout are for music therapists within their first recertification cycle, and how protective and risk factors of burnout and the use of self-care, resiliency, and identity intersect. An online survey was completed by 127 music therapists in the United States who had been certified for less than 5 years. Three survey respondents were selected for participation in individual follow-up interviews to further describe their experiences. The researcher integrated the findings of the online survey and follow-up interviews to explain the experiences of burnout for music therapists in their first recertification cycle, the protective and risk factors of burnout, and how self-care, resiliency, and identity intersect. Results of this study indicated that music therapists in their first recertification cycle consider themselves resilient individuals who engage in self-care practices and whose personality traits impact their experiences with burnout and resiliency. Several protective and risk factors of burnout were also identified. Based on the findings of this study more research is recommended surrounding the experiences of burnout within the field of music therapy to contribute to the evolving and expanding resources available to music therapists who have newly entered the field.
Replacing identity: Evangelical Christianity's role in identity creation and restoration
(Aug-23) Cohoon, Wesley Don 1978-; Gullion, Jessica; Sahlin, Claire L.; Williams, James; Sadri, Mahmoud
People understand themselves by the roles that they play in society. These roles are developed by both the individual and the confirmation of their communities. Due to this interconnectedness, identities, biographies, and histories are constantly changing. The problem is understanding the difference between successful identity reconfiguration and the community’s role in confirming identity. This three-article dissertation explores how identities are impacted after experiencing a damaging experience by examining Evangelical Christianity’s role in identity creation and restoration. The articles specifically deal with the role stigma has on identity. The findings indicate that a primary function of Evangelical Christianity is redeeming “spoiled” identities. The articles utilize autoethnography and phenomenology to capture first-person accounts and experiences of stigma management and identity transformation. The articles find that Evangelical Christianity is one way that allows people to engage in identity repair and reconstruction.
The relationships among imposter phenomenon, burnout, and covitality
(Aug-23) Hufstutler, Madeline; Herbstrith, Julie; Swisher, Megan; Rosen, Lisa
The mental health functioning of graduate students is subpar when compared with the general population (Evans et al., 2018). One issue that plagues graduate students’ mental health is burnout. A contributor to graduate student burnout is the experience of imposter phenomenon. Imposter phenomenon is an intraindividual phenomenon where individuals experience inadequacy (Clance and Imes, 1978). In terms of solutions, research has shown that positive psychological traits can foster overall wellness (Randolph, 2018). Covitality is defined as the “synergistic effect of positive mental health resulting from the interplay among multiple positive-psychological building blocks” (Furlong et al., 2013, p.3). In essence, covitality purports that the sum of positive psychological traits is greater than a single positive psychological trait. The purpose of the study was to determine whether covitality could moderate the relationship between imposter phenomenon and burnout. This study aimed to address the prevalence rates of imposter phenomenon, burnout, and covitality within the school psychology graduate student population and whether those experiences differed for individuals with marginalized racial identities. The results showed that school psychology graduate students indeed experience symptoms of burnout and imposter phenomenon. Further, the findings suggest that school psychology graduate students with marginalized racial identities experience more symptoms of imposter phenomenon than school psychology graduate students without marginalized identities, which is consistent with the research literature (e.g., Bernard et al., 2017; Cokley et al., 2013; Peteet et al., 2015). Although it does not appear that increasing levels of covitality is an effective means of intervention, researchers should continue to examine the interrelations among covitality, imposter phenomenon, and burnout in an effort to develop solutions that could be implemented in school psychology training programs.
The impact of Covid-19 and Covid-19 stressors on intimate partner violence in racial and ethnic minorities
(Aug-23) Torres, Kathryn; Porras Pyland, Claudia; Mollen, Debra; Rosen, Lisa
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been a global public health issue for decades. There is a large amount of research looking at IPV that has helped researchers and mental health providers better understand IPV and help inform treatments and services for IPV. However, most research on IPV focuses on White individuals. This focus on White individuals in IPV is detrimental to racial and ethnic minorities because IPV can impact them differently. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, IPV risks factors, such as financial insecurity and social isolation, have increased. There is a small amount of research that has been published about COVID-19 and IPV, but representation of ethnic and racial minorities (REM) in these studies is inadequate. To help fill the gap in the literature about IPV and REM and to add to the emerging literature on COVID-19 and IPV, the researcher investigated the impact that COVID-19 had on IPV within the REM population, and how financial insecurity and social isolation contributed to the increase. Participants were recruited through social media, and mental health services. Participants filled out a demographic questionnaire, and scales measuring IPV, social isolation, and financial insecurity. Data from 193 participants were analyzed. Results showed that the largest percentage of participants reported that their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic with physical (38.9%), psychological (37.8%), sexual (35.2%), and economic IPV (40.9%) abuse stayed the same relative to before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, both financial insecurity and social isolation were predictors of physical, sexual, and psychological IPV. Social isolation was also a significant predictor of economic IPV while financial insecurity was not a significant predictor.
Virtual funerals: A dramaturgical analysis of participants’ experiences
(Aug-23) Toombs, Elizabeth 1993-; Sadri, Mahmoud; Williams, James; Gullion, Jessica; Donal Key
In 2020 virtual funerals became a widely utilized format for conducting funeral services as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. To better understand the phenomenon of virtual funerals, this study explores the experiences of virtual funeral participants. It analyzes the positive and negative effects of it while elucidating participants’ self-impressions and those of others during the service. The sociological theory of Dramaturgy was applied to the data, and a typology of participants’ experiences was derived. The findings suggest a varying degree of technology-based limitations and opportunities that attend virtual funerals. Perceptions of practicality and authenticity are salient features of the experience.
Sensory processing sensitivity among mental health graduate students and mental health professionals
(Aug-23) Meek, Christian; Stabb, Sally; Williams, Marlene; Rosen, Lisa
Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS), a biological trait, impacts about 20% of the general population. Previous research has focused on characteristics of the trait and mental health outcomes. This study investigated whether mental health graduate students and mental health professionals had higher SPS than students and professionals in other fields. It also explored what variables might moderate the relationship between SPS and general wellbeing, career wellbeing, and mental health wellbeing for this population. Two hundred and sixty participants completed an online survey to measure SPS and wellbeing. In addition to descriptive statistics, a frequency distribution was conducted to measure the prevalence of low, medium, and high sensitivity individuals among the sample. Sensory Processing Sensitivity was compared to trait negative emotionality to explore differentiating the two traits. SPS scores for participants who identified as graduate students or professionals in a mental health field were compared to those who were not. Gender was tested as a s moderator of the relationship between SPS and the three domains of wellbeing, and additional analyses were conducted exploring demographics variables as moderators of the relationship between SPS, and the three domains of wellbeing. Significant results were found for (1) the relationship between SPS and trait negative emotionality, (2) the comparison between mental health students and professionals and students and professionals not in these fields, and (3) the direct impact of gender, sexual orientation, age, income, years of education, degree earned, status as a student or professional in a mental health field, years of service in a mental health field, and all three domains of wellbeing on SPS. Age and years of service were significant as moderators of the relationship between SPS and mental health wellbeing, and years of service in combination with mental health wellbeing also significantly moderated the relationship between SPS and mental health wellbeing. When participants had higher DASS (higher depression, anxiety, and stress) and higher years of service, then they also had higher SPS scores. Results are integrated with prior literature and implications for research, practice, and policy are noted. Strengths and limitations of the study are discussed.
Examining the role of language in school policies on the academic outcomes of English language learners
(Aug-23) Carrillo, Lynette Nicole 1992-; Herbstrith, Julie; Scott, Shannon; Swisher, Megan
With the population of ELs entering Texas public schools increasing, it is essential to understand how the current school system supports these students. This study investigated the language used in school handbooks as a predictor of English Language Learners' (ELL) academic outcomes in Texas Independent School Districts. Student handbooks from Independent School Districts in the state of Texas were accessed and analyzed utilizing Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC-22). The research compared the relationships of various variables including ELL dropout rates, ELL student enrollment rates, and the use of culture- and drive-based language in student handbooks. Results indicated significant relationships between culture- and drive-based language in student handbooks and ELL dropout rates. The results of the research study help to better understand the relationship between school policies and the academic trajectory of English Language Learners in Texas. The data used in this study was secondary, thus limitations were expected. Further implications of school policies and the academic trajectories of ELLs are discussed.
Perspectives of U.S. military veterans regarding mindfulness practices
(Aug-23) North, Amanda May Adeline 1997-; Rosen, Lisa; Palomares-Fernandez, Ronald; Smith, Gabrielle
Mindfulness can be a useful tool to help improve both mental and physical health. It is increasingly being utilized in military and veteran population, with little information about how those populations perceive mindfulness and whether the stigma of mental health impacts that perception. This study received responses from 25 veterans about their familiarity with and opinions of mindfulness. Eighty-four percent had heard of mindfulness, and the overall opinion was positive. Thematic analysis was conducted on the responses to the open-ended questions, and three themes were identified. Participants consistently responded that circumstances are important for the perceived value of the practice of mindfulness, contending that mindfulness is more acceptable for veterans than for active-duty military members. Further research is needed to determine the generalizability of these results.
The role of attachment insecurity on depression, stress, and overall health in nursing students
(Aug-23) McDaniel, Mary Ashley 1997-; Dr. Lisa Rosen; Smith, Gabrielle; Terrizzi Jr., John A
This study investigates attachment insecurity and its impact on mental and physical health in nursing students. Participants (n = 184) completed 5 scales measuring their attachment security, perceived stress (PSS), well-being (WHO-5), overall health perception (SRH), and depression (CES-D). Significant relationships were found between attachment insecurity and stress, well-being, overall health, and depression. A positive correlation was found between attachment insecurity and PSS, SRH, and CES-D scores. A negative correlation was found between attachment insecurity and WHO-5 scores. These findings suggest that as attachment insecurity increase, participants are more likely to experience stress, poor well-being, negative overall health, and depressive symptoms. Further analyses showed attachment avoidance and stress were significant predictors of depression. Additionally, attachment avoidance and stress were significant predictors of poor well-being. These results will add new insights to literature about the role adult attachment insecurity has on mental and physical health in nursing students.
Teaching digital-multimodal composition for digital-born students: Exploring pedagogical applications of interactive narrative media
(Aug-23) Won, Daehyun; Busl, Gretchen; Lackey, Dundee; Fehler, Brian
Digital-immigrant rhetoric and composition instructors bear a heavy burden of teaching digital-born students who have an intrinsic potential to be fluent in digital-multimodal texts but require philosophical and technology-driven pedagogical interventions to build digital literacy skills and rhetorical proficiency with multimodal texts. In today’s educational landscape, which is constantly changing due to digital technology, applying all-inclusive and interdisciplinary narrative theories – which have invariable communicative and pedagogical value – is the most suitable solution for digital-immigrant instructors. But despite narrative’s immense educational potential, in the English discipline, there is a long-standing devaluation of narrative, exemplified by the dominant utilitarian tendency found in both literature and rhetoric and composition courses. In this complex educational environment, interactive narrative – a descendant of traditional narrative – is a tool that can be applied 1) to teach students how to navigate new media technology with creative and critical thinking skills and understand how rhetorical meaning can be created and delivered, 2) to give digital-born students a wider perception of the physically explorable or even unexplorable world through interactive and immersive participation, and 3) to enlighten both digital-immigrant instructors as well as digital-born students about using their voices effectively in public rhetorical spheres by exercising the maximized agency that interactive narrative provides. Validating the educational value of interactive narrative, this dissertation argues interactive narrative needs to be integrated into current multimodal composition courses, acting as a convergent “lens” to shed light on the pedagogical value of a unified liberal arts education in the lightning-fast digital revolution and to build a narratological bridge between multimodal media technology, digital immigrant teachers, and digital-born students.
Afro dialogues: Unearthing the meanings and significance in what women of African descent say about their hair
(Aug-23) Akinbode, Foluso A. Oluade; Keating, AnaLouise; Smith, Gabrielle; West, Genevieve
Hair can be a factor in liberation and oppression. There are Black women that have used their hair to subvert societal standards that center the straight, smooth, or silky hair associated with whiteness. Also, some Black women continue to grapple with a desire to fulfill white supremacist hair expectations. There is current research that delves into ways that Black women are navigating white supremacist characterizations of their hair, but there is a need for research that holistically captures Black women’s hair perspectives during the burgeoning of global online Black hair communities and conversations. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze and historicize Black women’s nuanced hair perspectives. The research questions guiding this study are what are some ways Black women perceive or make meaning of their hair, and how are their perceptions shaped by the current boom in online Black hair information? I employed phenomenology and intersectionality to guide 30 in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 participants. Participants (Black women currently living in the United States) shared their perceptions of how white supremacist hair expectations are enforced through understandings of hair maintenance, categorizations of “good” and “bad” hair, the Andre Walker hair-typing system, and hair trauma or discomfort. Participants also shared perspectives about their identities, cultures, hair education, and empowerment that work against the use of Black hair in oppression. This study brings attention to the ways that Black women currently navigate and overcome white supremacist hair ideals and encourages further research on ways to recognize and undo oppressive hair ideals.
Factor analyses on the validity of the Wechsler measures of cognitive functioning
(Aug-23) Paulman, Briana; Maricle, Denise E; Johnson, Wendi L.; Rosen, Lisa; Joel Schneider
Beginning over a century ago, intelligence has been and currently is one of the most widely studied phenomena in the field of psychology. Still, there is a lack of consensus in the field on the definition and conceptualization of intelligence with researchers developing numerous theories to better understand it. Corollary to the debate over the concept of intelligence itself, methods of reliably measuring intelligence are also of concern. The widespread use of intelligence testing in a variety of settings, including educational, clinical, and private practice puts this point in sharp relief. Given the widespread use of intellectual assessments, it is imperative that practitioners utilizing such assessments are well-versed in the instruments, including what cognitive abilities are measured and how to interpret the results. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) are three related cognitive assessment measures developed to assess general intelligence and a combination of several broad abilities: verbal comprehension (Gc), visual-spatial processing (Gv), fluid reasoning (Gf), short-term working memory (Gwm), and processing speed (Gs). The Wechsler cognitive assessment instruments were developed with theories and cognitive models from several domains, including cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and specific cognitive abilities such as memory, attention, and executive functioning. However, it is debated whether the factor structure of the Wechsler instruments measures the cognitive abilities as outlined by the test publishers. The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the factor structure of the Wechsler cognitive assessment instruments against two models of cognitive abilities. The models examined were the CHC Theory of Intelligence and the Functional-CHC Model of Cognitive Ability to determine which model best fits the sample data from the Wechsler standardization samples. The data analyses included multiple exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Wechsler standardization samples for each instrument. The present study attempted to provide a more comprehensive understanding of general intelligence and cognitive abilities in children, adolescents, and adults. Results of the present study provided support for some of the hypothesized broad abilities posited by both the F-CHC model and the CHC theory, particularly Gc, Gr/Gf, Gcm/Gwm, Gv, and Gs. Results also provided partial support for some of the hypothesized narrow abilities. However, the Wechsler instruments utilized do not appear robust enough to truly investigate the validity of the full F-CHC model and all the narrow abilities. This limitation and others are discussed as well as implications and future research directions.
A critical discourse analysis of Mexican cooking devoted to American homes by Josefina Velazquez de Leon and my Mexico by Diana Kennedy
(Aug-23) Haynes, Jacqui Denise 1981-; Lackey, Dundee; Busl, Gretchen; Fehler, Brian
This Ph.D. dissertation employs a critical discourse analysis approach, backed by cultural rhetorics, to evaluate the significance of Mexico's Indigenous people speaking for themselves in discussions surrounding cultural survivance through Indigenous foods and cookbooks. I apply Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model to My Mexico: A Culinary Odyssey of More Than 300 Recipes by Diana Kennedy and Mexican Cookbook Devoted to American Homes by Josefina Velazquez de Leon, to identify instances of language that demonstrate resistance and survivance, as well as appropriation, in the recovery and representation of Indigenous people's works. This dissertation challenges the widely held belief that Diana Kennedy is the foremost expert on Mexican cuisine by examining introductions, recipes, and interviews by and about both women and documenting language use which counters the preservation and representation of Mexico's Indigenous culture. In doing so, I reiterate that it is Josefina Velazquez de Leon who extensively researched and documented Mexican food before Kennedy and deserves recognition as the pioneer who preserved and represented Mexico and Mexico's Indigenous foods through cookbooks. Despite her significant contributions, Velazquez de Leon remains relatively unknown outside of Mexico, and the lack of visibility and acknowledgment of her work contributes to the erasure of Indigenous people's voices from the conversations about Indigenous foods. By examining the difference between Indigenous people speaking for themselves through their food and cookbooks, compared to an outsider sharing observations of Indigenous people's storied recipes, this research seeks to contribute to ongoing debates about cultural preservation, representation, and agency in Mexico's diverse cultural landscape. The findings of this study will help to shed light on the importance of amplifying the voices of Mexico Indigenous people in discussions surrounding their cultural heritage and reveal how the latter's contributions to the field of Mexican cuisine have been largely overlooked by the mainstream media and food industry.
Maria, llena eres de gracia: An exploration of masturbation and marianismo among latinas
(Aug-23) Moreno-Garza, Kitzia del Carmen 1995-; Porras Pyland, Claudia; Rosen, Lisa; Rosen, Lisa; Stabb, Sally
The concept of female self-pleasure has long faced historical stigmatization, which has led women to experience guilt and shame (Davidson & Darling, 1988; Davidson et al., 2004; Rye & Meaney, 2007). The benefits of masturbation are plentiful (Bowman, 2014; Burri & Carvalheira, 2019; Carvalheira & Leal, 2013; Clifford, 1978; Das, 2007; Das et al., 2009). However, there is a dearth of research on Latinas’ perceptions and experience of masturbation, specifically when considering the concept of marianismo. Marianismo is the gendered values and expectations of Latinas rooted in colonization and Catholic values (Nuñez et al., 2016; Stolley & Koenig, 1997; Villarreal, 2021). The purpose of the present study was to fill the gaps in the literature by examining the relationship between marianismo and masturbation using the Marianismo Belief Scale (MBS; Castillo et al., 2010) and the Negative Attitudes Towards Masturbation Inventory (NATMI; Abramson & Mosher, 1975). We theorized that marianismo, which values virtue, chastity, and self-sacrifice, would decrease the frequency of masturbation in Latinas. A total of 150 participants participated in this research study. Participants were primarily recruited via social media. Findings indicated that masturbation guilt was positively correlated with the following marianismo subscales: Family, Virtuous and Chaste, Spirituality, and Silencing Self to Maintain Harmony. There was no direct relationship found between the five marianismo subscales and masturbation frequency; however, reported increases in experiences of masturbation-guilt were positively correlated with a decrease in masturbation frequency. In other words, it was found that Latinas who endorsed marianismo beliefs were more likely to experience masturbation-guilt and less likely to masturbate.

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