Psychology & Philosophy

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11274/15808

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Spiritual abuse and psychache: The association of sacred wounding with gender, sexual orientation, and race
(2024-08) Porter, Courtney; Mollen, Debra; Stabb, Sally; Porras Pyland, Claudia
The researcher of the current study sought to expand understanding of the impact that religious and spiritual experiences have on the mental health outcomes of adults. While research on various forms of abuse has been extensive in nature, literature exploring dimensions of spiritual abuse have been diminutive in comparison. Even less is known about the impact spiritual abuse has on survivors’ overall well-being and the role spiritual abuse might play in the intolerable emotional suffering or psychache of those who experience sacred wounding. This study seeks to facilitate increased understanding of spiritual abuse not only due to the concerning association between psychache and suicidality (Spínola et al., 2022; Troister & Holden, 2012) but also in service of psychology’s mandate to provide ethical, intersectional, and competent integration of religion and spirituality in clinical practice (Currier et al., 2023). Participants were recruited through social media and email listservs to complete the following questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire, the Spiritual Abuse Questionnaire (Keller, 2016) and the Psychache Scale (Holden et al., 2001). The researcher recruited adult participants (n = 150) who had been involved in a religious or spiritual group at some point in their lives. The researcher conducted correlational and multiple regression analyses to test their hypotheses. The data supported the predicted higher rates of spiritual abuse for sexually marginalized participants than for heterosexual participants (Hypothesis 1). As expected, the data confirmed significant positive relationships between spiritual abuse and psychache (Hypothesis 2). The results did not support that the relationship between spiritual abuse and psychache would be moderated by race (Hypothesis 3), sexual orientation, (Hypothesis 4) or gender identity (Hypothesis 5). Additional findings, limitations, research implications, and treatment considerations are discussed.
The effects of self-efficacy and resilience on stress, burnout, and turnover intentions among early career education professionals
(2024-08) Ray, Mary Elaine 1958-; Johnson, Wendi L.; McMahan, Sarah; Banks, Courtney
Personnel shortage is a significant and on-going concern in the field of education. Considering the on-going problem of teacher shortages, it is critically important to stem the tide of attrition among teachers and school psychologists, especially those in the first five years of their careers. Some early career professionals have high levels of personal resources, which help to sustain them in the face of career stress. There are others who need more supports to gain the self-efficacy and resilience needed to successfully traverse the early career stresses and challenges they face. It was the purpose of this study to identify quantitative and qualitative factors both within the person and within the context that can be marshalled to provide the support needed for the early career professionals struggling to determine their continuance in the field. This study provided data to measure personal factors by using quantitative online surveys to assess the status of stress, burnout, self-efficacy, resilience, and turnover intention among early career educators. In addition, it added qualitative data gathered through semi-structured interviews conducted through an online platform to gain insight into the lived experiences of early career professionals as they navigate their first years in the profession and what supports they feel will help them mitigate negative outcomes related to the stress that is inherent in the education profession. This study demonstrated that stress alone does not have a significant impact on turnover intentions, but when stress leads to burnout, there is a significant impact on turnover intentions. Early career school psychologists and early career teachers did not differ significantly on their levels of stress and burnout, which were in the moderate to high range for both groups, but the two groups differed significantly on their turnover intentions. The study also found that resilience, which was lower than the general population norm among the study participants, has a positive impact on reducing levels of burnout among early career educators who are engaged in stressful careers, while levels of self-efficacy have little impact. The study also promoted understanding of the supports that are needed for these early career professionals.
Exploring the impact of shared identities in internship supervision: A focus on early career school psychologists
(2024-08) Atchison, JorDaSha; Banks, Courtney; Palomares-Fernandez, Ronald; Rosen, Lisa
Supervision plays a pivotal role in the field of school psychology, serving as a key component for skill development for future practitioners and licensure requirements. Over the past five decades, the demand for school psychologists has seen a significant increase, leading to an influx of new practitioners entering the profession (Morrison et al., 2022). As this profession requires on-the-job training, supervision is critical for helping to meet that demand. Thus, to successfully grow the field, there is a need for effective supervisors. It is important to recognize that perceptions of effectiveness can vary based on several factors. One such factor, similarity to one's supervisor, has been found to be necessary for the following reasons: “Most people desire cognitive consistency— consistency between attitudes and perceptions of whom and what we like and dislike, interacting with persons who share similarities usually leads to positive outcomes, and similarity validates our view of the world” (DeLamater et al., 2018, p. 268). For this study, demographic similarity (surface-level actual similarity) was the focus as it significantly impacts job satisfaction, feelings of self-efficacy, and rating of a supervisor's multicultural competence. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between sharing multiple demographic identities (gender and race) with the primary supervisor as an intern, and the impact it has on self-reports of self-efficacy and job satisfaction when the intern transitions into being an early career school psychologist. It also explored the relationship between sharing multiple demographic identities (gender and race) with the primary supervisor and how they rate the supervisor's multicultural competence. The results of the study showed that sharing multiple demographic identities (gender and race) impacts self-efficacy scores but not job satisfaction or rating of supervisors’ multicultural competence. The results also showed that sharing gender predicts self-efficacy scores more than sharing race.
Seeing through different lenses: Examining the diversity, implicit bias, and cultural competence in school psychology and how it impacts the decision-making process for special education
(2024-08) Phillips, Leah 1990-; Banks, Courtney; Kim, Samuel; Smith, Gabrielle
School Psychologists are often referred to as the “gatekeepers” of Special Education. According to the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), they are uniquely qualified members of school teams that support students’ ability to learn and teachers’ ability to teach (NASP, 2014). In order for students to receive special education services, they must undergo evaluations completed by School Psychologists. School Psychologists gather information from multiple sources to provide each student with a comprehensive evaluation. The following research highlights the potential impacts that implicit biases, race, and other factors may have on the professional judgments made by School Psychologists performing such evaluations. An ANOVA and regression with moderation were utilized but showed insignificant results due to the lack of a sample size of Black school psychologists. Although the findings resulted in non-significant numbers, the results highlighted the importance of Black representation in the field of school psychology as well as the need for continuous multicultural training in graduate programs and practice.
Factors affecting mental health providers' competent care of transgender and gender nonbinary clients
(2024-08) Higgins, Meredith; Mollen, Debra; Rosen, Lisa; Stabb, Sally
Transgender and gender non-binary (TGNB) people face discrimination because of their gender identity. Well-meaning mental health providers (MHPs) may pose threats to their TGNB clients’ well-being by providing inadequate or harmful treatment. Many MHPs are unprepared to work competently with TGNB clients on a range of topics including gender-affirming medical care and gender-specific identity-based exploration. Exploration remains to be done on specific factors affecting competent care with TGNB clients, such as graduate training, self-reported competent practices, and performance-based affirming practices. Through the proposed investigation, the researcher used clinical scenarios to determine the specific ways MHPs may be prepared or unprepared when working with TGNB clients. The investigator recruited 108 participants through MHP electronic listservs. Participants responded to one of four clinical vignettes and completed three performance-based and self-report measures evaluating competence with TGNB clients and a demographic form. The researcher utilized the software program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) to quantify themes and tone within participants’ responses to clinical vignettes. The researcher conducted regression analyses, moderation analyses, and ANOVAs to explore relationships between independent variables related to MHP identity and training and outcome variables measuring competence. Results partially supported Hypothesis 1, suggesting that MHPs with marginalized sexual orientations may demonstrate more competent practice with TGNB clients. Hypothesis 2 predicting between-group effects among MHPs based on gender and sexual orientation of a hypothetical client were not supported. Hypothesis 3 revealed mixed findings, indicating that some training variables may be positively related to competent practice. Degree type moderated some of these effects, such that participants with a counseling psychology degree demonstrated a greater difference in effects when evaluating number of post-graduate trainings and competence. Hypotheses exploring psycholinguistic differences between clinical vignettes did not yield significant findings. Finally, post-hoc exploratory analyses yielded noteworthy findings. MHPs with letter-writing policies in place for gender-affirming medical care demonstrated higher levels of clout and prosocial behavior than those without such a policy. The study contributes to existing literature by elucidating identity variables, training variables, and attitudes that may impact competent practice with TGNB settings among licensed providers.
Transgender and gender diverse individuals in their faith communities: The impact of religious abuse on mental health outcomes
(2024-08) Wood, Meghan Elizabeth; Mollen, Debra; Stabb, Sally; Rosen, Lisa
Research regarding transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people is becoming increasingly important for psychologists, especially those who provide treatment and advocacy. In the current study, the researcher looked at the relationship between religious/spiritual abuse among TGD people and mental health utilizing the Spiritual Abuse Questionnaire (Keller, 2016) and the Scales of Psychological Well-Being (Ryff & Keyes, 1995). The researcher also explored potential protective factors that may impact the expected relationship between religious/spiritual abuse and mental health utilizing the Spirituality Index of Well-Being (Daaleman & Frey, 2004) and the Religious Commitment Inventory-10 (Worthington et al., 2003). A total of 117 participants were surveyed through online data collection methods. Bivariate correlation, hierarchical regression, and ANOVA analyses were conducted to investigate the hypotheses. There was a small positive correlation between spiritual abuse and psychological well-being in the opposite direction of the researcher’s prediction. Religious commitment significantly moderated the relationship between experiences of spiritual abuse and psychological well-being, and individuals in negative policy tally states, based on the Transgender Law Center National Equality Map, reported experiencing spiritual abuse at higher rates compared to individuals in other states. These findings offer valuable insights that may help psychologists and other mental health professionals in delivering more informed, comprehensive, and affirming therapeutic treatment to TGD clients. Recognizing the nuanced relationship between religious/spiritual factors and mental health outcomes can help clinicians tailor their approaches to better support the diverse needs and coping mechanisms of TGD individuals, ultimately contributing to more effective, inclusive mental health interventions.
The impact of stress on political intergroup biases
(2024-08) Johnson, Sydney Elizabeth 1999-; Terrizzi Jr., John A; Rosen, Lisa; Smith, Gabrielle
The formation of groups among humans is a result of our need to belong with others. Once a group is formed there is an understood outgroup, who is viewed as less than in comparison to ingroup members. Humans can take on many different identities, and some of the groups we place ourselves in are prioritized more than others. There is also evidence that conflict or stress can lead to further distinction between groups. Today, politics can be stressful, and many people hold their political affiliation in high regards to personal identity. This paper looks at how stress, both general and political, can moderate the relationship between how important an individual’s political ideology is and how they view the opposite party, or outgroup.
Examining the moderating effects of subclinical religous intrusive thoughts on religion centrality and self-compassion among Christian women
(2024-08) McCarter, Allison Kelly; Porras Pyland, Claudia; Williams, Marlene; Terrizzi Jr., John A
Christianity and religiosity can serve as a protective factor against mental health concerns and can lead to enhanced well-being and happiness, which is positively correlated with self- compassion. The positive link between religiosity and happiness is not consistent across the literature, however, highlighting methodological concerns with this line of research. More research is needed to clarify this relationship, and self-compassion might help elucidate the missing link. Self-compassion is the practice of kindness with oneself during times of pain or failure and has been linked to optimism and happiness. There is currently no research exploring how centrality of religion is correlated with self-compassion, especially among women who already report less self-compassion than men. Additionally, subclinical unwanted religious intrusive thoughts, a common factor noted within Christian women, might impact self- compassion rates in Christian women. Yet there is a dearth of research exploring subclinical religious intrusive thoughts and their impact on individuals. The purpose of this study was to explore how religious intrusive thoughts might impact the relationship between the centrality of religion and self-compassion among Christian women using a hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analysis. I theorized that religious intrusive thoughts would moderate the relationship between religious centrality and self-compassion. I also investigated how religious denominations differ in self-compassion, religious centrality, and subclinical intrusive thought prevalence. When controlling for race/ethnicity, religious intrusive thoughts and centrality of religion predicted Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) women’s self-compassion, although this was not so for White women. Additionally, there were no differences in rates of self-compassion and religious intrusive thoughts for Christian women across denominations, but Evangelical Protestant women reported higher religiosity, which aligns with current research. Of iv note, 99.1% of Christian women reported intrusive thoughts. Findings from this research can be utilized to inform the work of religious leaders, Christian therapists, and pastoral counselors working with Christian women. Further, these findings highlight the need to increase self- compassion and decrease blame and shame around intrusive thoughts and encourage people in power to utilize their position to educate and normalize intrusive thoughts. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Liberated pregnancy: A mixed methods Black feminist thought analysis
(2024-08) Vann Rubino, Sasa 1994-; Williams, Marlene; Porras Pyland, Claudia; Smith, Gabrielle
Black women are more likely to experience perinatal mood disorder symptoms and have lower rates of access to mental health services than their White counterparts. Perpetuation of white supremacy and medical racism leaves medical professionals underprepared to support Black women. In the current study, through a convergent parallel mixed methodology of four mood disorder scales and fifteen individual interviews of pregnant Black women ages 29-36 utilizing Black feminist thought epistemology and the Blafemme Healing Model, I aimed to document Black women’s thoughts on their experience of mental health during pregnancy. I uncovered seven themes (a) proximity to sadness, (b) pregnancy symptoms colliding with mental health,(c) I am growing, loving, and learning, (d) acquainted with healing, (e) reaching optimal financial outlook, (f) the toll of White supremacy, and (g) finally free. The women, on average, had mild-moderate anxiety, possible depression, minimal to moderate discrimination in medical settings, and high psychological wellbeing in personal growth and self-acceptance. The generational impact of that harm and internalized racism, misogynoir, police brutality, mental health stigma, increased anxiety due to pregnancy symptoms, lack of financial support, and global health crisis continue to be barriers to liberating pregnancies for Black women of a variety of sexual orientations.
Narcissism and relationship satisfaction: The impact of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism on relationship duration
(2024-08) Lopez, Alissa Nicole 1999-; Terrizzi Jr., John A; Rosen, Lisa; Rivers, Shelby
The present study investigates relationship satisfaction of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in short- and long-term relationships. Participants include 164 Texas Woman’s University students. The participants are asked to complete an online survey first gathering demographics and then measuring for grandiose and vulnerable narcissism characteristics. The survey also measures relationship satisfaction and the relationship duration they prefer. A Pearson correlation and regression analyses was conducted to test all of the hypotheses. The results of the study did not support the hypotheses. Overall narcissism, grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, nor did their interactions with relationship duration preference, did not have a significant positive or negative effect on relationship satisfaction.
Missed connections: Exploring the impact of technoference on wellbeing
(2024-08) Bobb, Alexandra Faye 1991-; Johnson, Wendi L.; Kim, Samuel; Choi, Dowon
Attachment is the framework children utilize to model relationships across the lifespan (Chambers, 2017). Several studies indicate that attachment is critical for the development of self-regulation strategies that determine how a child behaves and reacts within their environment (Orehek et al., 2017). Today, the use of screen time on televisions, cellphones, computers, and tablets is widespread (Pew Research Center, 2021). This study hypothesized that the pervasive use of technology by parents in front of their children significantly impacts how parents and children bond, thus impacting how a child self-regulates and behaves. Participants were children in middle school with the aim to better understand their perception of their parent’s technology use and their ability to self-regulate. This study found that the significant relationship between parental technoference and behavior was significantly moderated by the interaction between self-regulation and attachment security.
Digital sex workers' experiences in the COVID-19 pandemic post FOSTA/SESTA
(2024-08) Hurley, Madison Grace 1995-; Mollen, Debra; Williams, Marlene; Stabb, Sally
Sex work, practiced by an estimated 42 million sex workers operating worldwide, is skilled labor deserving of rights and dignity, (Barwulor et al., 2021). Sex work is a practical way to generate income and access resources for those facing marginalization, oppression, and limited socioeconomic supports (Dewey & St. Germain, 2014; Orchard et al., 2021). In 2018, the United States Congress passed H.R. 1865 the Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) and S. 1693 Stop Enabling Sex Trafficking Act (SESTA). The laws removed protections within the Communications Decency Act that previously shielded platforms from being liable for their users’ illegal content. By conflating sex work with sex trafficking, the policies restricted and banned digital sex workers. While many laborers moved online in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, sex workers faced unique challenges adapting to digital work. Little is known about sex workers’ experiences and mental health concerns during the pandemic, particularly as online sex work faced prohibitive legislation. I used psychology of work theory (PWT) and the minority stress model (MSM) to examine qualitatively the experiences of 10 online sex workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using narrative inquiry methodology and participant action research, I listened to their firsthand accounts and examined the extent to which minority stress, criminalization, and oppression impacted participants’ access to decent work as it related to their mental health to best inform mental health clinicians working with this population. I conducted semi-structured virtual interviews and analyzed transcript data using my theoretical frameworks and supplemental theories. I engaged in reflexivity and member checking in which participants offered feedback regarding my interview questions and preliminary analyses as additional forms of data. These opportunities were meant to empower participants and represent their experiences in the creation of this knowledge. Findings highlight participants’ experiences of empowerment, stigma, and changes to their work due to COVID-19 and FOSTA/SESTA, including increased surveillance, concerns for health, and need for safety through community. Findings of this study can be used to practice affirming mental healthcare, as well as advocate for decriminalization of sex work and the repeal of FOSTA/SESTA.
The early intervention paradox: An examination of delayed autism spectrum disorder diagnoses across racial groups and gender
(2024-08) Armstrong, Emily F.; Johnson, Wendi L.; Banks, Courtney; Nichols, Susan; Roberts, Heather
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) poses diagnostic challenges due to its multifaceted nature, characterized by social, communicative, and behavioral deficits. Diagnosis relies on observational and standardized assessments, lacking definitive biomarkers. Early identification is crucial for favorable outcomes, yet disparities persist, especially among minority children and girls, revealing gaps between recommended screening and implementation. Focused on racial, ethnic, and gender disparities, this study examines biases within assessment practices. Specifically, the study investigates diagnostic practices for minority children and girls with ASD, and the utilization of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - Second Edition (ADOS-2) across diverse racial and ethnic groups. By addressing these disparities and biases, the study aims to add to the literature base and give guidance to create more equitable diagnostic practices, enhancing outcomes for individuals with ASD across varied populations.
The role of women in Alcoholics Anonymous: is it reflective of the role of women in society?
(1998-08) Wallace, Gail; Williams, Joyce; Barton, Thomas; Williams, James L.
The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the differences in men's and women's experiences and perceptions regarding women's roles in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). A secondary purpose was to examine if women's role(s) in AA are reflective of the role(s) of women in society. Due to the lack of relevant literature regarding women in AA, a qualitative study was conducted. The study examined three areas of the respondents' life experiences: present demographic data, drinking history, and their perceptions of the role(s) of women in AA. Twenty respondents, ten males and ten females were selected through a snowball sample. In order to participate in the study, the respondent must have had two years of sobriety in AA. A semi-structured interview research design was utilized. The major assumption of this study was that the roles of women in AA would be similar to the roles of women in the larger society. The themes that emerged from the study were: 1. Both male and female respondents stated that there were no differences in the defined role(s) of men and women in AA. 2. Both male and female respondents acknowledged that patriarchy including sexual harassment occurs in the treatment of women in AA. 3. Both male and female respondents acknowledged that the patriarchy could lead to women relapsing. 4. Women in AA who had more than two years of sobriety identified coping strategies to deal with the patriarchy of the organization. Both male and female respondents stated that AA had helped them to develop methods in which to achieve and maintain sobriety which was their primary goal. Yet, they also acknowledged that patriarchy existed and that women were treated unfairly at times in AA. In addition, there was agreement among the respondents that the patriarchal treatment of women could be a catalyst for relapse.
Predicting children's asthma symptom onset: expressed emotion, medication, parent contact, and life events
(1998-08) Gartland, Howard; Day, H.D.; Essandoh, P.; Littlefield, R. P.; Stabb, S.
An index of expressed emotion (EE) has been found to successfully predict relapse in several psychiatric and non psychiatric populations. However, the predictive value of the index is moderated by medication compliance, amount of contact with relatives, and independent life events. Higher levels of EE have been found for parents of asthmatic versus non asthmatic children. EE, time spent with children, life events, and children's medication compliance was obtained from 32 pairs of parents with an asthmatic child ages 5 to 12 in order to predict the number of children's asthma-related medical contacts in the preceding year. Regression analysis showed that two variables, the amount of time mothers' reported spending with their children and parents' estimates of their children's medication compliance were inversely related to the number of times children had an asthma-related medical contact. Also, higher levels of fathers' EE and Criticism were associated with higher school absenteeism. Implications of the findings as they relate to managing children's asthma are discussed.
Levels of emotional adjustment in children in foster care
(1995-12) Beatty, Sheryle; Stabb, Sally; Littlefield, R. P.; Hamilton, Basil
This study examined the level of emotional/behavioral adjustment in 176 children in various stages and placements in foster care or receiving homebound intervention services. A standardized behavior checklist was utilized to determine adjustment levels during the one-year study period. Four separate groups were formed, reflecting different types of placement histories. One group (n = 43) involved children in individual family foster care, one group (n = 48) consisted of children placed in group foster care, and a third group (n = 42) included children receiving homebound intervention services. A fourth group consisted of 43 children who had experienced a disruption in individual family foster care due to behavior problems. Results showed that approximately half of children entering individual family or group foster care services or receiving homebound services experiences behavior/emotional problems within the clinical range. Children receiving homebound services demonstrated significantly more behavior problems than children entering group foster homes. Children placed voluntarily in group homes were found to be better adjusted than children placed involuntarily through court-ordered proceedings. Significant differences were noted in the behavioral profile of children who disrupted placement when compared with children in individual family foster homes who obtained clinically elevated behavior problem scores but did not disrupt their placement during the one-year study period. The behaviors of the group that disrupted placement were characterized by elevated scores on the delinquent, hyperactive, and aggressive scales of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). In contrast, the non disruption group demonstrated depressed and sexual acting-out behaviors and somatic complaints. Males were more disturbed than females in all settings. Children who were between ages 6 and 11 were over-represented in all but the group care setting. Length of placement, placement with siblings, history of sexual abuse, and experience of foster parents was not found to be predictive of emotional adjustment.
The test-retest reliability of the kindergarten diagnostic instrument
(1995-05) Carter, Juanita; Miller, Daniel; McCullough, Sue; Hamilton, Basil
The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability of the Kindergarten Diagnostic Instrument (KDI). The KDI was administered to 59 preschool children between the ages of four and one-half to six years. After a period of three weeks, the same children were retested with the KDI. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation was calculated between the first and second KDI Total Test Scores and yielded a correlation coefficient of .91. Pearson Product Moment Correlations were also calculated between the first and second administrations of the KDI for each of the 13 subtests. These individual subtest reliability coefficients ranged from .16 to .81. Implications for the diagnostic and prescriptive uses of the KDI were discussed.
Coping mechanisms and mental health: Impact of social media use on emerging adults
(2024-05) Daaé, Kevin 2000-; Dr. Alannah Rivers; Dr. John Terrizzi; Dr. Hansong Zhang
This study investigated the relationship between the following factors: (a) whether someone experienced the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic while in high school or after graduating, (b) level of social media addiction during the onset of the pandemic and during the present, (c) social media habits during the onset of the pandemic and during the present, (d) overall mental wellbeing, and (e) level of anxiety. Participants (n = 262) were invited to participate in an online survey that consisted of two sections. One section of the survey measured their mental state and social media habits during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the other section measured their mental state and social media habits during present time. Those who experienced the onset of the pandemic while in high school were found to have significantly higher anxiety levels compared to those who experienced the onset of the pandemic after graduating from high school. The results from this study will expand our understanding of how social media usage can be impacted by one’s developmental stage, and environmental influences.
Computer attitudes, self-efficacy, and usage of children and their parents: viewed through the gender lens
(2008-12) Levy, Luba; Engelbrecht, Jo Ann; Fannin, Ron; Jennings, Glen
This research concurrently examined the computer attitudes, self-efficacy, and usage of parents and of their children ages 10 - 14 years residing in the Tarrant County area. Additional objectives were to examine gender differences in parents' and their children's computer attitudes, self-efficacy, and usage, as well as to explore factors that may contribute to them. The instruments used by parents in this study were: Computer Self-Efficacy Scale (CSE), Parents' Attitudes Toward Computers (PAC), and the Parental Computer Usage and Demographics Questionnaire. Children were administered: Computer Self-Efficacy Scale (CSE), the Computer Attitude Questionnaire (CAQ - child), and the Child Computer Usage and Demographics Questionnaire. Quantitative methodology was utilized to collect and interpret the data. Findings revealed a significant positive correlation between parents and their children's attitude toward computers, indicating that parents who had higher computer attitudes tended to have children who had higher computer attitudes. Parents and their children had statistically similar self-efficacy scores. There was no statistically significant positive relationship between parents' computer usage and their children's computer usage. Children's computer usage during the week totaled an average of 9.56 hours. Parents' average computer usage during the week was 24.42 hours. Investigation of the role that gender plays in children's and their parents' computer attitude, self-efficacy, and usage did not show statistically significant differences between boys and girls or between male and female parents. There was, however a gender difference in the child's favorite and worst academic subjects. The results failed to reveal any significant predictors for child computer attitudes, self-efficacy or usage.
Attentional biasing in rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder
(1998-08) Lambourn-Kavcic, Bonnie

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