Kinesiology

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11274/15371

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Can exposure to heat attenuate neurodegeneration in older adults with Parkinson's disease?
(Frontiers, 2023-09-07) Clark, Cayla E.; Rigby, Brandon Rhett
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by dysfunction with movement resulting in motor and nonmotor symptoms. Primary motor symptoms include tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and posture and balance abnormalities (Armstrong and Okun, 2020). Not all motor symptoms are noticeable upon disease onset; however, over time, symptoms associated with motor dysfunction become more prevalent and debilitating (Zhao et al., 2021). Nonmotor symptoms of PD, including autonomic dysfunction, sleep and mood disorders, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, cognitive impairment, and sensory issues, can also impair health (Chaudhuri et al., 2011). Up to 90% of individuals with PD experience nonmotor symptoms through every stage of PD progression (Chaudhuri et al., 2011; Gökçal et al., 2017). The combined motor and nonmotor dysfunction typically decreases quality-of-life over time for individuals with PD (Zhao et al., 2021).
The relationship between physical activity, stress, and resilience in sexual and gender minority college students
(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Peyer, Karissa; Hogg, Jennifer A.; Carlson, Lynette M.; Sa, Jaesin
Objective To assess the role of sexual orientation and gender identity in the relationship between physical activity (PA), stress and resilience. Participants A nationally-representative sample of students (n = 91,718) from United States postsecondary institutions. Methods Students reported aerobic and strength training (ST) behaviors, stress, resilience, gender identity and sexual orientation. Moderated regressions examined the influence of gender identity and sexual orientation on the relationship between PA and stress or resilience. Results Men and heterosexual students reported higher PA and resilience and lower stress than did women, gender minorities, and sexual minorities. Significant moderation was found for women, queer students, bisexual students, trans women and lesbians in the various models. Conclusions Gender minority and sexual minority students display poorer levels of PA and mental health than cisgender and heterosexual counterparts, but this relationship varies by identity group.
Muscle damage, inflammation, and muscular performance following the physical ability test in professional firefighters
(MDPI, 2023) Sokoloski, Matthew L.; Rigby, Brandon R.; King, George; Biggerstaff, Kyle D.; Irvine, Christopher J.; Bosak, Andrew; Gordon, Ryan; Zumbro, Emily L.; Clark, Cayla E.; Varone, Nicole L.; Crossland, Brett W.
Proper monitoring of fatigue and muscular damage may be used to decrease the high levels of cardiovascular disease, overuse musculoskeletal injuries, and workers compensation claims within the profession of firefighting. The purpose of this study was to examine muscle damage, muscular fatigue, and inflammation responses following a typical firefighting shift. Twenty-four professional firefighters completed two Physical Ability Tests to standardize the tasks typically performed in a day of work, and to elicit similar physiological responses. Participants were then monitored for 48 h. Prior to, and 48 h following the Physical Ability Tests, participants were evaluated for changes in strength, power, range-of-motion, as well as blood markers including myoglobin and c-reactive protein. Following the Physical Ability Tests, significant differences in myoglobin (p < 0.05), grip strength (p < 0.05), vertical jump (p < 0.05), and sit-and-reach (p < 0.05) were observed. No difference in c-reactive protein was observed (p > 0.05). After 24 hours following a shift, firefighters exhibited decreased strength, power, and range-of-motion. This may lead to decreases in performance and an increased risk of injury.
Functional and biomechanical assessments of a matter of balance/volunteer lay leader model
(Sage, 2014) Mehta, Ranjana K.; Liu, Jian; Shortz, Ashley E.; Yoshikawa, Aya; Lee, Shin D.; Pankey, Robert B.; Towne, Samuel D.; Smith, Matthew L.; Howell, Doris; Ory, Marcia G.
The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of A Matter of Balance/Volunteer Lay Leader model (AMOB/VLL), an evidence-based falls prevention program, on improving balance and mobility. Twenty-eight community-dwelling older adults completed an eight-week AMOB/VLL program. Pre/post assessments of biomechanical and functional outcomes of balance during single and dual-task trials, as well as perceptions of fear of falling, were compared using pairwise t-tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Our findings suggest that while improvements in functional indicators of mobility and perception regarding fear of falling were observed, biomechanical and functional assessments specific to balance during the single-task trials remained unaffected by the intervention. Interestingly, the group exhibited improvements in biomechanical measures during the dual-task trials. Since AMOB/VLL primarily focuses on restructuring participants’ perceptions about falls and only includes generalized exercises, including balance-specific training within the program can potentially improve balance outcomes among older adults.
Pressurized device for mitigating atrophy in soleus during long-duration spaceflight
(TopSCHOLAR®, 2023) Briones, Ramona Tovar; Sor, Kimhab; Diaz, Breandrea; Varghese, Dona; Easter, Benjamin; Alvis, Hunter; Rigby, Brandon R.
A major concern with long duration spaceflight, skeletal muscle atrophy is most detrimental in lower limb musculature, particularly in muscles critical for proper gait, such as the soleus. The decline of muscle activation and the suppression of sensory input from plantar sole mechanoreceptors can add to the attenuation of skeletal muscle health during spaceflight. More specifically, inhibition of sensory input from sole receptors, such as with gravitational unloading, decreases selective activation, thereby negatively affecting muscle tone and inevitably resulting in lower limb atrophy. PURPOSE: To design, fabricate, and test a specialized boot with an insole that applies oscillating pneumatic pressure for set periods of time to augment neuromuscular activation of the soleus through the plantar sole's mechanoreceptors, which may minimize atrophy of lower extremity muscles. METHODS: The custom boot was originally designed in three-dimensional modeling software (Solidworks Premium, Waltham, MA). Components of the boot included: a lightweight medical walking brace, Metro-ATmega circuit board, air pump and vacuum DC motor, force resistive sensor, and kPa sensor. The boot was programmed using C++ to allow the user to wear the boot for 20 minutes (oscillating continuously) at the start of every hour with an automatic timer for 6 hours per day. Surface electromyography (EMG) measured electrical activity in lower extremity muscles while wearing the boot. The location of all electrodes were determined according to the SENIAM project (Surface Electromyography for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles): 1) for soleus, electrode placed at two-thirds of the line between the medial condyle of the femur to the medial malleolus; 2) for medial head of the gastrocnemius, electrode placed at one-third of the line between the head of the fibula and the heel; 3) for ground, electrode placed at the tibial tuberosity. Muscle activation of the gastrocnemius was measured to investigate any co-activation of nearby musculature on the posterior leg. RESULTS: Upon airbag inflation, the soleus exhibited the greatest amplitude (30 to 50 µV versus 5 to 15 µV) when the ankle attempted to plantarflex while maintaining a neutral position. When the airbags are inflated, the pressure output corresponds to approximately 111 kPa. When the airbags are deflated, the pressure output corresponds to approximately 66 kPa, creating a pressure difference of 45 kPa. During the 20 min runtime, the airbags take 3.3 sec to inflate and 3.0 sec to deflate, creating the oscillating effect. When fully charged, the battery can sustain one full, 6-hour session with each lasting 20 minutes. CONCLUSION: Pneumatic pressure integrated into a customized therapeutic walking boot may elicit neuromuscular activity in the lower extremity musculature, which indicates that the device may help in attenuating the negative neuromuscular adaptations in the soleus via afferent signaling.
The effects of equine-assisted therapy on gait in adults with Parkinson’s disease: A preliminary analysis
(TopSCHOLAR®, 2023) Alvis, Hunter; Mori, Kanji; Levine, Nicholas A.; Martinez, Andrea; Sessums, Suzanne; Becker, Kevin; Roberts, Heather; Rigby, Brandon R.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, neurological disorder caused by the destruction of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. To treat motor symptoms of PD, individuals may choose alternative modes of exercise, such as equine-assisted therapy (EAT), to improve physiological health. PURPOSE: To determine changes in gait following 8 weeks of Equine Assisted Therapy (EAT) in older men with PD. PURPOSE: To determine changes in gait following 8 weeks of Equine Assisted Therapy (EAT) in older men with PD. METHODS: Six older adults (age = 68.0 ± 8.6 yrs; height = 178.6 ± 8.3 cm; weight = 93.4 ± 16.3 kg; Hoehn and Yahr classification = 2.8 ± 0.4; time since diagnosis = 7.3 ± 5.0 yrs) performed two, 60-minute riding sessions weekly for 8 weeks. Before, midway, immediately after, and at two points following the EAT program (at 8 weeks and 16 weeks), spatiotemporal parameters of gait were measured using motion capture with infrared markers strategically placed on lower-body anatomical landmarks. Participants walked at a self-selected speed without the use of an assistive device in the capture space for 15 consecutive strides, turned around, and walked back across the space. Gait velocity, step length, time spent in stance phase, time spent in swing phase, toe clearance were collected. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis-of-variance and a Bonferroni correction with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Gait velocity (101.8 ± 29.1 vs. 109.2 ± 34.9 vs. 116.3 ± 32.8 vs. 105.7 ± 26.2 vs. 108.0 ± 25.4 cm/s for pre-EAT, midway through EAT, immediately post-EAT, 8 weeks after EAT concluded, and 16 weeks after EAT concluded, respectively) was significant across all time points (p = 0.03). All other variables were statistically similar (p > 0.05) across all time points. CONCLUSION: There is an observable trend towards significance in each gait variable immediately after 8 weeks of EAT. The study is ongoing and will further explore these differences.
Comparison of cognitive performance following one hour of passive heating or walking in older adults: A preliminary analysis
(TopSCHOLAR®, 2023) Clark, Cayla; Varone, Nicole; Flores, Alyssa; Mallillin, Joseph; Morse, Colby; Rigby, Brandon R.
Moderate-intensity exercise increases measures of cognitive performance such as working memory and cognitive flexibility. Hyperthermia can result in declines in cognitive performance through reduced motor function and response inhibition. However, these results have been observed during cognitive performance in the heat while core temperatures remain elevated. Heat therapy may promote improvements in cognitive function after treatment similar to exercise training by inducing a stress-related response. The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive performance immediately following one hour of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or one hour of whole-body passive heating. METHODS: Four adults (age: 67.3 + 3.3 years, BMI: 29.0 + 5.4 kg/m2, 2 female) participated in a randomized repeated measures study. Participants completed either one hour of moderate intensity walking on a treadmill (TM; 65-75% age-predicted maximum heart rate) or one hour of seated passive heating (HEAT) in a controlled environmental heat chamber (32-35 degrees Celsius, < 40% humidity). Cognitive performance was measured using computerized software (Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, ANAM, Vista LifeSciences, Inc.), which provides objective measures of cognitive performance through a variety of test batteries designed to measure variables such as motor coordination, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. Variables were analyzed as a change in score from the familiarization exam (pre- or post-treatment minus – baseline) to minimize the learning effect. RESULTS: No differences between measures of motor coordination (TM: 6 + 12.7 vs. 5 + 12.7; HEAT: 0 + 1.4 vs. -1 + 1.4), cognitive flexibility (TM: -1 + 1.4 vs. 1.5 + 0.7; HEAT: 3.5 + 0.7 vs. 3.5 + 0.7), or response inhibition (TM: 17 + 22.6 vs. 23.5 + 23.3; HEAT: 1.5 + 2.1 vs. 8 + 2.8) were found following either treatment. CONCLUSION: One bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise or whole-body passive heating does not impair cognitive performance. In addition, one hour of passive heating does not result in decreased cognitive performance in older adults. Post-hyperthermic stress response did not impair cognitive function.
Anaerobic performance in female collegiate wrestlers during ovulation versus the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: A pilot study
(TopSCHOLAR®, 2023) Varone, Nicole; Clark, Cayla; Morse, Colby; Mallillin, Joseph; Flores, Alyssa; Kreutzer, Andreas; Rigby, Brandon R.; Biggerstaff, Kyle
Anaerobic performance may vary during different phases of the menstrual cycle. The greatest differences occur between the late-follicular phase (i.e., ovulation) and the mid-luteal phase. Optimal anaerobic performance may be observed during the mid-luteal phase. PURPOSE: To explore differences in upper and lower body anaerobic performance during ovulation versus the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in collegiate female wrestlers. METHODS: Six female collegiate wrestlers (age = 18.6 ± 0.2 yrs; height = 165.0 ± 0.5 cm; body mass = 79.7 ± 9.6 kg; lean body mass = 45.6 ± 2.8 kg; % body fat = 31.4 ± 6.6%) performed both upper and lower body Wingate tests, each lasting 30 seconds, during the ovulation and the mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Upper and lower body tests were performed 24 hours apart. Menstrual cycle phases were determined by calendar tracking, reverse estimation of ovulation, and administration of a urinary luteinizing hormone test assessed daily until positive results indicated ovulation. Lower body power was measured using a Velotron cycle ergometer, with a resistance of 0.075 kg/kg applied after a 5-second sprint at a resistance of 1 kg (50 W). Peak power (W) and relative power (W/kg) were measured. Upper body power was measured using a Monark hand ergometer with a 0.045 kg/kg resistance applied after a 5-second sprint at a resistance of 0.5 kg (25 W). Peak power (W) and relative power (W/kg) was calculated using rotation count, weight applied, and distance per rotation. Paired t-tests were used to analyze differences in means during the ovulation vs mid-luteal phases with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between trials for any variables measured. Lower body peak power (W) was 848.3 ± 126.1W vs 855.0 ± 143.9W. Lower body relative power (W/kg) was 11.8 ± 0.7W/kg vs 11.9 ± 0.8W/kg. Upper body peak power (W) was 162.1 ± 29.6 vs 160.2 ± 13.2W. Upper body relative power (W/kg) was 2.3 ± 0.4W/kg vs 2.2 ± 0.2W/kg. CONCLUSION: There may not be an optimal timing of significantly increased anaerobic performance in regard to menstrual phase in these wrestlers.
The role of improved social support for healthy eating in a lifestyle intervention: Texercise Select
(Cambridge University Press, 2020) Yoshikawa, Aya; Smith, Matthew Lee; Lee, Shinduk; Towne Jr., Samuel D.; Ory, Marcia G.
Objective: We examined the measurement and mediating role of social support in dietary intake among participants in Texercise Select, an intervention for improving lifestyle behaviours. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Participants reported their dietary intake, level of social support measured by the new Social Support for Healthy Eating scale, sociodemographics and disease profile. We conducted exploratory factor analysis for scale evaluation and structural equation modelling for mediation analysis to test if changes in dietary-specific social support mediate the relationship between the intervention and changes in dietary intake. Setting: Texas Participants: Community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults completed a self-reported survey at baseline and 3-month follow-up (intervention group n 211, comparison group n 175). Results: The majority of the sample was aged ≥70 years (mean 74·30, SD 8·54), female (82·1 %) and had at least two chronic conditions (63·5 %). The acceptable levels of reliability and validity of the dietary-specific social support scale were confirmed. Compared with the comparison group, the intervention group reported improved intake of fruit/vegetables and water, and improved dietary-specific social support. Improved dietary-specific social support mediated the association between intervention and change in fruit/vegetable intake, controlling for sociodemographics, number of chronic conditions and geographic residence. About 12 % of intervention effect was mediated by social support. Conclusions: The current study confirms positive intervention effects on healthy eating, and highlights social support relating to dietary behaviours that may be helpful for healthy eating. Future research should investigate additional social support for developing healthy eating behavioural skills.
Perceptions of a mobile phone-based approach to promote medication adherence: A cross-sectional application of the technology acceptance model
(Elsevier, 2021) Appiah, Bernard; Kretchy, Irene Akwo; Yoshikawa, Aya; Asamoah-Akuoko, Lucy; France, Christopher R.
Background: In several African and Asian countries, callers to mobile phones sometimes hear a song or message in place of the typical ringing sound. This application, called caller tunes, may offer a unique opportunity to promote medication adherence that is yet to be explored. Objectives: Assess the application of the technology acceptance model to a potential caller tunes approach designed to enhance medication adherence, with a specific focus on the interrelationships of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, cost, and intention. Methods: Data from a cross-sectional sample of 996 adult mobile phone users in Ghana, approximately half of whom were current caller tunes users, was examined using exploratory factor analysis for scale evaluation and structural equation modeling to assess associations among perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and cost on intention to use mobile phone caller tunes to promote medication adherence. Results: Consistent with the technology acceptance model, intention to use the caller tunes as a means of enhancing medication adherence was higher among those who viewed the application positively in terms of ease of use and usefulness. Among those who were already caller tunes users, availability as a free download was also associated with more positive intentions. Conclusion: The present study provides preliminary evidence in support of caller tunes as a novel strategy to promote medication adherence. Future studies interested in using this approach would be advised to consider factors such as participants' current use of caller tunes, age, availability as a free download, and perceptions of ease of use and perceived usefulness of the approach as potential moderators of study outcomes.
An analysis of health care team communication needs among younger vs older breast cancer survivors: Web-based survey
(JMIR Publications, 2022) Dahlke, Deborah; Yoshikawa, Aya; McAdam, Molly; Malatok, Sharyn; Gonzales, Elaine D.
Background: Prior studies indicate that the age of onset of breast cancer is an important element in considering communication between patients and the health care team. Younger women aged 45 and under diagnosed with breast cancer are often at a higher risk of being more vulnerable to psychosocial issues compared to older women aged 46 years and above. Few studies have examined age differences in patient perceptions of treatment-related discussion and communication during transition with their health care team. Objective: The aims of this survey were (1) to better understand breast cancer survivors’ perspectives regarding communication with health care providers during treatment and during transition to posttreatment care; and (2) to determine the differences between younger women with breast cancer (≤45 years of age) and older women (≥46 years of age). It was hypothesized that (1) breast cancer survivors’ psychosocial and finance-related communications with health care providers may lack effectiveness; (2) younger women experience greater needs for patient-centered communication with physicians and health care providers, especially about psychosocial care and transition to posttreatment care; and (3) younger breast cancer patients (≤45 years of age) need more information on survivorship and follow-up care. Methods: An internet-based survey was conducted with 143 women in Central Texas with 35% (n=50) aged 45 years or under and 65% (n=93) aged 46 years and above. The Mann-Whitney U test was performed to assess differences in participants’ perceptions about communication with health care providers by age group: younger (≤45 years of age) and older (≥46 years of age) women. Results: Statistically significant results pertained to rating health care team and patient discussions about transition from treatment to posttreatment using scores of 0 as “no discussion” and 100 as “in-depth discussion.” For the questions about management of posttreatment care, the overall mean score of the groups was 56.26 and that of the younger group was 43.96; the mean score of the older group was 61.96 (P=.02). For the question about the timing of follow-up appointments, the overall mean score was 64.29; the mean score of the younger group was 54.44, and that of the older group was 68.88 (P=.05). All the group scores related to psychosocial and financial support discussions with health care providers were low, with a rollup average of only 30.02 out of 100, suggesting that this is an important area for improving patient-centered communication. Conclusions: For all patients, transition from treatment to posttreatment requires a greater level of engagement and communication with the health care team. It appears that younger patients aged ≤45 years require more in-depth and personalized messaging to better understand their posttreatment care requirements.
Relationship between sleep and obesity among U.S. and South Korean college students
(BMC, 2020) Sa, Jaesin; Choe, Siyoung; Cho, Beom-young; Chaput, Jean-Philippe; Kim, Gyurin; Park, Chae-Hee; Chung, Joon; Choi, Yoojin; Nelson, Beatrice; Kim, Yongkyu
Background: Little is known about the relationship between sleep and obesity in young adults, particularly college students. This study examined the relationship between sleep (i.e., sleep duration and quality) and obesity in a large and diverse binational sample of college students.
Sex differences in weight perception and weight gain among Black college students in the USA
(The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), 2021) Lee, Jounghee; Sa, Jaesin; Chaput, Jean-Philippe; Heimdal, James; Nelson, Beatrice; Cho, Beom-Young; Kwon, Elizabeth
Objectives: The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of overweight/obesity and to explore sex differences in body weight perceptions and correlates of weight gain among Black students at 2 historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the USA.
Prevalence and correlates of highly caffeinated beverage consumption among Korean adolescents
(The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, 2021) Kwak, Ho-Kyung; Sa, Jaesin; Choe, Siyoung; Chaput, Jean-Phillipe; Chung, Joon; Cummings, Gayle; Lee, Jounghee
Objectives: The purposes of this study were to (1) examine the multi-year prevalence of highly caffeinated beverage (HCB) consumption, (2) identify sex differences in the prevalence, and (3) investigate relationships between HCB consumption and behavioral characteristics in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents.
Effectiveness of obesity interventions among South Korean children and adolescents and importance of the type of intervention component: A meta-analysis.
(Korean Pediatric Society, 2022) Choe, Siyoung; Sa, Jaesin; Chaput, Jean-Philippe; Kim, Deokjin
Background: Various interventions have been tested to prevent or treat childhood obesity in South Korea. However, the overall effect of those interventions is unclear, as very few reviews and meta-analyses were specific to Korean children and adolescents.
Regional disparities in healthy eating and nutritional status in South Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017
(Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition, 2020-12) Lee, Jounghee; Sa, Jaesin
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Concerns about regional disparities in heathy eating and nutritional status among South Korean adults are increasing. This study aims to identify the magnitude of regional disparities in diet and nutritional status among Korean adults who completed the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
Assessment instruments used by adapted physical educators in Texas
(Texas Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (TAHPERD), 2018) Johnson, Geoben; Kyugjin, Kim; Bittner, Melissa; Silliman-French, Lisa
Assessment in adapted physical education (APE) is a complex, multi-faceted process that focuses on: (a) identifying whether or not a student qualifies for APE services; (b) developing appropriate goals; (c) implementing appropriate instructional activities; and (d) determining the most appropriate placement for students in physical education (PE) (Horvat, Block, & Kelly, 2007). PL108-446, Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) (2004) had a major impact (e.g., established guidelines for standardized assessments, alternative assessments, and reporting of students with disabilities) on the assessment procedures of students with disabilities. In the reauthorization of IDEIA, there were changes in reporting requirements on the progress made toward performance goals of students from every two years to every year. Furthermore, it is important to compare previous and current assessment practices used in APE settings to provide information about appropriate application for students with disabilities, and how it might affect student learning in APE (James, Griffin, & France, 2005; Redelius & Hay, 2010). Based on a review of previous literature, only one researcher has conducted a statewide investigation in Texas (Turney, 2000) to examine the most widely used assessment instruments by APE teachers before the federal updates to IDEIA in 2004.
Youth with and without educational disabilities in incarcerated settings in Texas: Are these students receiving appropriate physical education services
(Texas Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (TAHPERD), 2012) Jackson, Dallas; Hilgenbrinck, Linda; Silliman-French, Lisa; Nichols, David; Goode, Sinah
Numerous health and behavioral outcomes of schoolaged youth in the United States can be influenced through structured, comprehensive general physical activity classes. Based on a systematic evaluation of evidence, Strong, Malina, Blimke, et al. (2005) recommended, that all school-aged youth should participate daily in 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) that is enjoyable and developmentally appropriate. It was also suggested that this “can be achieved in a cumulative manner in school during physical education, recess, intramural sports, and before and after school programs” (p. 737). Various types of moderate to vigorous activity programming are particularly important for youth who are incarcerated.
Eligibility and instructional programs for students with disabilities provided with adapted physical education services
(Texas Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (TAHPERD), 2008) Silliman-French, Lisa; French, Ron; Kinnison, Lloyd; Stephens, Tammy L.
In addition to ensuring that all students with disabilities are provided a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) in a least restrictive environment (LRE), the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) reiterates the importance of school personnel using appropriate assessment processes (Overton, 2006). Specifically, this law mandates that schools ensure that proper assessment procedures encompassing a variety of assessment techniques are followed when determining eligibility and planning instruction (IDEA, 2004). These measures were implemented to decrease inappropriate labeling and to ensure appropriate performance data were used to plan effective instructional programs based on the student’s strengths and weaknesses.
Appropriate physical education service for ALL students
(Texas Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (TAHPERD), 2007) French, Ron; Silliman-French, Lisa; Buswell, Deborah
Where as, all students, including those with disabilities, deserve appropriate, safe, and meaningful physical education instructional programs as identified by Texas Education Agency (2006) and that are reflected in the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE, 2005) standards.

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