Kinesiology
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11274/15832
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Item A biomechanical comparison of successful and unsuccessful triple-turn pirouette en dehors trials in ballet(1/9/2019) Kim, Jemin; Kwon, Young-HooPirouette en dehors is a turn in which the dancer's body rotates and completes at least one full revolution with one foot on the floor. It is considered difficult to learn and perform in classical ballet. The purpose of this study was to identify biomechanical kinetic differences between the successful- and unsuccessful-trials groups in triple turn pirouette en dehors motion. It was hypothesized that the successful trials group would have larger longitudinal whole body angular momentum (AM), pivoting moment (PM) and ground reaction force moment (GRFM) than the unsuccessful trials group. Forty skilled collegiate or professional classic ballet dancers (11 males and 29 females) were recruited for this study. The participants were divided into two groups based on their successful and unsuccessful trials. Selected variables were computed through a seven-camera (Qualisys-three-dimensional) motion capture system (250 Hz) and two force-plates (Kistler-2500Hz), with 48 reflective markers. The data was imported into the Kwon3D (5.0) motion analysis software for subsequent data processing. Three MANOVA (SPSS 25.0) were used to compare the dependent variables between successful trials group and unsuccessful trials group conditions (each MANOVA was set p < .025). The first MANOVA was completed to compare all primary variables. The second MANOVA was performed to compare expannatory variables. The peak longitudinal AM, AM generation rate, and peak combined PM, gesture foot PM at TPM (time of peak PM) and gesture foot horizontal GRF at TPM were significantly different between the successful- and unsuccessful-trials groups. The successful trials group was characterized by larger whole body longitudinal AM, AM generation rate and peak PM, meaning this group demonstrated superiority in the generation of angular motion. The unsuccessful trials group had an inefficient double-to-single stance phase for the kinetic variables which caused unsuccessful triple turn pirouette en dehors motion. While peak PM is lower for the unsuccessful trials group, a loss of whole body AM and AM rate creates a failed motion. Kinetics plays a major role in the performance of the triple-turn pirouette en dehors. Further investigation to compare kinematic variables for successful- and unsuccessful- trials group is warranted.Item Acute effects of concurrent exercise on biomarkers of angiogenesis and cardioprotection in sedentary adults(8/19/2019) Brisebois, Matthew F.; Rigby, B. Rhett; Duplanty, Anthony A.It is recommended that adults perform a combination of resistance and aerobic exercise, or concurrent exercise, to optimize health and fitness. However, the precise pattern of concurrent exercise to maximize health and fitness benefits remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to compare biomarkers of angiogenesis and cardioprotection in response to integrated and serial concurrent exercise (CE) sessions in young, sedentary adults. Seven males (mean ± SD age: 27.1 ± 4.4 yrs; BMI: 24.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2; VO2max: 31.1 ± 3.3 ml/kg/min) and four females (mean ± SD age: 22.0 ± 1.2 yrs; BMI: 24.0 ± 2.2 kg/m2; VO2max: 27.5 ± 3.6 ml/kg/min) who were healthy and not performing regular structured physical activity performed acute sessions of serial CE and integrated CE. During serial CE, participants performed resistance exercise and aerobic exercise within the same session, without mixing the two. During integrated CE, participants performed a brief period of aerobic-type exercise before each set of resistance exercise. The exercise sessions were matched for time and volume, and differed only in the order of exercises performed. The exercise sessions were randomly assigned and separated by at least 3 weeks. Concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and expression of circulating microRNAs (c-miR) -126 and -222 were assessed from blood collected before exercise (PRE), immediately post-exercise (IP), 1 hr post-exercise, and 3 hr post-exercise. Males and females were analyzed separately. There were no significant changes in VEGF in males or females. Circulating miR-126 significantly increased from PRE to IP for males following both serial CE (p = .036) and integrated CE (p = .018). Circulating miR-222 significantly increased from Pre to IP in males following integrated CE (p = .028) but not serial CE. There were no significant changes in c-miR-126 or -222 in the females; however, two of the four females demonstrated an increased expression of c-miR-126 and -222 following both exercise patterns, with an apparent greater increase following integrated CE. In conclusion, both patterns of CE resulted in significantly increased levels of miR-126 in males, and only integrated CE resulted in significantly increased levels of miR-222 in males. Both exercise patterns may result in enhanced expression of miR-126 in young, sedentary males, and an integrated CE pattern may result in enhanced expression of miR-222 in young, sedentary males.Item Acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise vs. concurrent exercise on flow-mediated dilation in college-aged women(10/30/2019) Allen, Ashley N.; Rigby, B. RhettHeart disease is the leading cause of female mortality worldwide. As a treatment, exercise can improve cardiac and endothelial function, increase bone mineral density, promote lean muscle mass, and improve pulmonary function. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two different modes of exercise on flow mediated dilation in the brachial artery in college-aged women. Ten recreationally active women were assigned to either a high intensity interval group (HT) or a group who completed strength exercises and high intensity interval exercise, called the concurrent exercise group (CT). Measurements of flow mediated dilation (i.e., the hyperemic response of a blood vessel post occlusion) were taken at baseline, after one workout session, and after three workout sessions. There were no differences for FDM% or brachial artery diameter across all time points for either training protocol. Neither a combination of high-intensity interval exercise and resistance exercise or high-intensity interval exercise alone acutely led to structural or functional changes in the brachial artery in recreationally active healthy young women.Item The acute effects of l-Leucine and l-Isoleucine on glycemic responses in healthy and inactive adults(12/30/2016) Newmire, Daniel; Ben-Ezra, Victor; DiMarco, Nancy M.; Nichols, David L., Ph. D.The ingestion of whey protein or insulinogenic amino acids (AA) with a CHO drink has been shown to blunt the elevated post-prandial glucose response. It has been suggested that AA may facilitate secretion of hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) that are 50-70% responsible for regulating insulin secretion. The purpose of this study was to examine the “priming” effect of pre-ingested L-Isoleucine (ISO) and L-Leucine (LEU) on glucose metabolism and glycemic hormones in healthy, inactive adults. We hypothesized that preingested ISO and LEU would diminish the post prandial rise in glucose prior to a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and have minimal effect on enteroendocrine hormone secretion. To test this, 12 healthy adults (Females: n = 6, males: n = 6, Age 27.39 ± 2.05 year; height 167.42 ± 2.23 cm; weight 77.77 ± 3.73 kg; BMI 26.30 ± 2.14 kg/m2; lean bodymass [LBM] 53.20 ± 4.67 kg; body fat 34.14 ± 2.96%; fasting blood glucose [FBG] 89.5 ± 4.67 mg/dl) completed four trials in a randomized, single-blinded fashion. Each trial consisted of ingestion of either ISO + LEU in combination (50:50), ISO, LEU, or placebo (PLA). Each treatment was ingested 30 min prior to a 2 hr 75 g (GLU) OGTT. The amino acid drink (200 mL) was prepared based on the participant’s LBM at a standardized dose (0.3g/kg), while the PLA dose was 3.54 g. Blood samples were collected at baseline (0), followed by AA or PLA drink, 6, 10, 30, followed by GLU drink, 36, 40, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min with appropriate inhibitors used for valid quantification. Results show that Δ area of glucose analysis ISO+LEU, ISO, and LEU reduced glucose response more than PLA (p = .005); ISO + LEU and ISO lowered blood glucose at 60 min and 90 min ( p = < .05) compared to PLA. There was no difference between treatments in the AUC insulin concentration from baseline (p = .053); Δ change of C-peptide concentration was greater in ISO than PLA (p = .04), AUC differences showed ISO+LEU > PLA; the Δ change glucagon analysis showed no difference (p = .12); Δ change of GLP-1Active analysis showed no difference (P = .12); Δ change GIPTotal analysis ISO > LEU and PLA (p = .04). It appears that ISO and LEU combined or independently diminish glucose responses at peak time and ISO stimulates GIP and C-peptide concentrations more so than does LEU, and ISO and LEU have a negligible impact on GLP-1.Item Acute effects of plasma from women with PCOS treated with whey protein on vitamin D metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes(11/4/2019) Patterson, Desireé; LeMieux, Monique J.Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive disorder often associated with vitamin D (VD) deficiency, obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). While nutritional treatments for PCOS are limited, VD supplementation increases insulin secretion and improves glycemic control. Whey protein isolate (WPI) supplementation increases insulin secretion and lowers glucose in individuals with T2DM. Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to plasma from women with and without PCOS who consumed WPI for 7 days. Adipocytes were then exposed to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25VD) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25VD) to determine the interaction of plasma from women consuming WPI and vitamin D3 on the genetic expression of 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1) and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1). This study found no effect of plasma or forms of VD on CYP2R1 expression; however, 1,25VD increased the CYP24A1 expression. Overall, neither plasma nor forms of VD seem to change VD metabolism gene expression under normal or PCOS-like conditions.Item Adapted physical education needs assessment: a cooperative manpower planning model for the local school district(Texas Woman's University, 1982-08) Megginson, Nancy L.Item Adapted physical education professors' perceptions of teaching behaviors of effective general and adapted physical educators(2009-12) Bowers, Sharon Tiffany; French, Ron; Nichols, David L., Ph. D.; Silliman-French, LisaThe purpose of this investigation was to determine, and then compare and contrast, the performance-based teaching behaviors of effective practitioners in three different environments: (a) general physical education (GPE) teachers who work with students without disabilities; (b) GPE teachers who work with students with disabilities in an integrated setting; and (c) adapted physical education (APE) teachers who work with students with disabilities in a segregated setting. A mixed methods design using both qualitative and quantitative methods with sequential procedures was used (Creswell, 2003). The sampling design was purposive. Participants (N = 10) were professors of master's degree programs in Adapted Physical Activity, Adapted Physical Education, and/or Special Physical Education. The questionnaire, Performance-based Teaching Behaviors of General and Adapted Physical Educators , consisted of informed consent information and a combination of close-ended (rating scale) and open-ended (comment) questions. Questions were developed using a three-phase approach: (a) an in-depth review and analysis of performance-based teaching behaviors listed in the literature, the National Standards for Beginning Physical Education Teachers (NASPE, 2003), the Standards for Advanced Programs in Physical Education Teacher Education (NASPE, 2001), and the Adapted Physical Education National Standards (Kelly, 2006); (b) information regarding performance-based teaching behaviors obtained from interviews; and (c) validity and reliability measures. Data were collected in summer of 2008. Participants were asked to rank the importance of each of the 145 teaching behaviors for each of the three physical education environments. Data were analyzed using descriptive and nonparametric statistics. Within the limitations of this study, both similarities and differences were identified in the teaching behaviors of effective physical educators who work with and without students with disabilities. Based on the results of this study, a number of teaching behaviors are necessary for effective physical education teachers in any setting and additional teaching behaviors are required for the effective teaching of students with disabilities in both general and adapted physical education.Item An in vitro investigation of the molecular effects of aging and exercise signaling within human skeletal muscle cells(4/23/2021) Zumbro, Emily L.; Duplanty, Anthony A.The older population is steadily increasing and is expected to double by the year 2050. With this comes the increase in prevalence of chronic disease, sarcopenia being of utmost concern in regard to skeletal muscle (SKM) health. Sarcopenia is associated with additional morbidities, including insulin resistance, resulting in the reduced quality of life in these individuals. Resistance exercise is a common form of treatment for sarcopenia to attenuate the loss of muscle mass but the quality of the muscle may still be suboptimal due to potential mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The purpose of the study was to invesitgate the molecular effects of aging in myoblasts related to cell homeostasis, myogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis and whether general exercise signaling via the β-2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) could rescue the dysregulated signaling resulting from aging. Human SKM myoblasts underwent an in vitro continued passaging protocol to represent aging in vivo. Formoterol (FORM), an exercise mimetic, was used to stimulate general exercise signaling. Four conditions were included in this study (n = 6), control (CON), aging (AGED), CON with FORM stimulation (CON+FORM), and AGED with FORM stimulation (AGED+FORM). Extraction of total RNA was conducted once myoblasts reached 85% confluency and was followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses. Gene expression was analyzed and represented the following categories: (a) cell homeostasis, (b) myogenesis, and (c) mitochondrial biogenesis. The delta-delta cycle threshold (ΔΔCT) method was used to normalize genetic expression followed by one-way anaylysis of variance (ANOVA) for each gene with significance set at p < .05. Aging resulted in a significant increase in atrophy-related gene expression only in addition to non-significant robust effects on genes associated with oxidative stress, protein synthesis, autophagy, substrate utilization, myogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Formoterol stimulation significantly increased genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and atrophy in addition to significantly downregulated myogenesis. Additionally, FORM stimulation seems to reduce oxidative stress, though not significantly. Taking all findings into consideration, general exercise signaling representative of combined aerobic and resistance exercise may be beneficial in older individuals to reduce oxidative stress leading to improved intercellular signaling across pathways important for overall SKM health.Item Analysis of linear running versus curve running among female sprinters(1982-05) Simpson, Ruth Vivienne Williams,; Lyle, Bert; Rosentsweig, Joel; Edge, WallaceItem An analytical study of the intelligence quotient, personality adjustment and parents' occupations of the seventh, eighth and ninth grade girls enrolled in the junior high school, Greenville, Texas, and on the basis of the findings, to make recommendations for the conduct of the physical education program directed toward personality adjustment(8/30/1957) Duck, Mary V. Williams; Murphy, Mary Agnes; Dillon, EvelynItem Aquatic intervention with severely mentally retarded children: four case studies(Texas Woman's University, 5/31/1981) Tuley, Barbara AnnItem Aquatics for the multiply handicapped: Six case studies(8/31/1980) Wilson, Kim; Moran, Joan; Gench, Barbara; Edge, WallaceItem Arm ergometry exercise intensity interaction with motor memory(8/23/2018) Warner-Codish, Kristen A.; Becker, Kevin A.; Biggerstaff, Kyle D.Exercise interventions have demonstrated improvements in long-term declarative memory (Labban & Etnier, 2011; Potter & Keeling, 2005; Winter et al., 2007), and a smaller number of studies have produced the same benefit with procedural memory (Roig, Skriver, Lundbye-Jensen, Kiens, & Nielsen, 2012; Thomas et al., 2016). The purpose of this study was to determine if procedural memory was improved by either high or low-intensity arm ergometry exercise. Participants (N = 32) were assigned to control (CON), low-intensity (LOW), or high-intensity (HIGH) groups. Two motor tasks were investigated, fine and gross, utilizing three blocks of five trials at acquisition and one block of five trials at follow-up testing (one day and seven day). Repeated measures ANOVAs were executed. No significant effect was observed on fine or gross motor memory (p > 0.05). Many confounding variables existed to produce this outcome. Further research needs to be done to extrapolate a decisive conclusion.Item Assessment of staff training needs of activity directors in Missouri community placement facilities(Texas Woman's University, 1982-05) Sumner, Michelle M.Item Athletes with lower limb paralysis' motives for competing in powerlifting(1998-12) Piletic, Cynthia; Pyfer, Jean; Keefe, Charlotte; Sherrill, ClaudinePowerlifting is an individual sport that inherently results in bodily changes in the individual training for the sport. In an effort to examine the aspects of the body and how it is presented by males with a disability, the focus of this research was on (a) why do men with lower limb paralysis participate in powerlifting and what factors are involved in the rationales given for participating in the sport, (b) how do men with lower limb paralysis perceived their physical self and how does this perception affect their presentation of self to others, and (c) how does society's definition of masculinity impact males' participation in sport and males' perception of their physical self. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine why males with lower limb paralysis participate in the organized sport of powerlifting. The participants of the study included 12 males with lower limb paralysis who were also elite male powerlifters. The participants of the study were interviewed and observed during a powerlifting competition held in Chicago, IL in June of 1998. The results of the study revealed that males with lower limb paralysis support 10 different themes that appear to impact their motives for participating in the sport of powerlifting. The ten themes included (a) physical self, (b) self-presentation, (c) masculinity, (d) stigma, (e) compensation, (f) empowerment, (g) camaraderie, (h) Hilgenbrinck physical appearance, (i) independence, and (j) victimization. No one theory explains what motivates males to participate in powerlifting. Men with lower limb paralysis participate in the sport for a number of reasons including (a) reducing the stigmatization and victimization and (b) compensating for and achieving a more culturally desirable physical appearance. The males' participation in sport often led to positive feelings about their physical self. Other benefits gained included (a) developed sense of independence, (b) developed sense of empowerment, and (c) enhanced opportunities for camaraderie.Item Biomechanical analysis of obstacle avoidance in walking with telescope-style poles in the elderly(2007-08) Yoon, Sukhoon; Kwon, Young-Hoo; Nichols, David L., Ph. D.; Silliman-French, LisaElderly gait is an important topic given the projected increase in this population and the cost of fall-related injuries. The following research was conducted to analyze elderly ·gait with and without walking poles. This study was conducted with two main purposes. 1) To investigate the effects of T-poles on lower and upper extremity joints in the elderly during walking with three different turning angles (0°, 20°, and 45°). 2) To study the effects of T-poles on gait stability parameters in the elderly during walking with three different turning angles (0°, 20°, and 45°). Thirteen participants who had a mean age of 74.2 ± 5.5 years were recruited for this study. The participants spent over 6 months in a walking program getting acquainted with the T-poles. Resultant joint moments for upper and lower joint extremities joints were computed using an inverse dynamic approach. At all three lower extremity joints, significant (p < . 05) resultant joint moment differences were found between T-pole walking and normal walking. A significant increase in joint moments were found in T-pole walking compare with those of normal walking for the upper extremity joints, which were within acceptable ranges when compared to previous related research. Among the gait stability parameters, mean maximum attainable base of support size, stability phase ratio, and mean minimum inner distance revealed significant pole effects across all tum angles with the PW conditions showing larger values. For the mean maximum outer distance, significant pole effect was found only in the 45 ° angle with the PW condition. Mean maximum attainable base of support revealed a significant tum angle effect among the T-pole walking conditions (45° > 20° > 0°). The mean minimum inner distance showed a significant difference between the 0° condition and 45° condition of the T-pole walking condition. Stability phase ratio and the mean maximum outer distance revealed no significant inter-angle difference among the T-pole walking conditions. This study demonstrated that T-poles waking showed different loading patterns of support leg and upper extremity joints and provides a more stable situation for the elderly during direction change gait (20° and 45°) when compared to straight (0°). The findings of the current study provide a better understanding for T-pole walking and base of future studies related with T-poles. Future study should explore the dual tasks with T-pole walking such as walking with T-poles and catching objects.Item Biomechanical effect of therapeutic shoes(Texas Woman s University, 1/1/2014) Wang, Qiu; Kwon, Young-Hoo; Nichols, David L., Ph. D.; Wang-Price, Sharon; Sanborn, CharlotteThe purpose of this study was to determine whether or not Orthofeet® Biofit and Orthofeet® Dress therapeutic shoes provided biomechanical benefits compared to Danskin® Now. Twenty participants (eight women and twelve men) walked at self-paced speed across a walkway with two embedded force plates. Both in-shoe plantar pressure and gait kinematics and kinetics in the sagittal plane were collected. Therapeutic footwear showed significant effects on gait kinetics and kinematics at the ankle joint level and the effects diminished towards more proximal joints (i.e. knee and hip joints). Therapeutic footwear altered the plantar pressure distribution with increased peak pressure and Pressure-time integral (PTI) under the big toe, slightly reduced peak pressure and PTIs under 1st metatarsal, reduced peak pressure and PTIs under the medial heel. The outcomes of the study might be useful and helpful for both clinical practitioners and consumers when choosing therapeutic footwear.Item Biomechanical effects on lower-body extremities during a maximum effort kettlebell swing protocol(6/13/2022) Levine, Nicholas A; Kwon, Young-HooKettlebell training provides multiple health benefits, including the generation of power. However, previous biomechanical research has been restricted to a few sets or a few repetitions performed in one effort. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the kinematics and kinetics of lower-body joints during a repeated, maximum effort kettlebell swing protocol. Sixteen resistance and kettlebell swing experienced males performed 10 rounds of a kettlebell swing routine (30 s of swings followed by 30 s of rest). Each participant utilized a kettlebell of approximately 20% of their respective body mass and were instructed to perform as many swings as possible each round. Kinematic (i.e., swing duration and angular velocities) and kinetic (i.e., normalized sagittal plane ground reaction force, resultant joint moment [RJM] and power) variables were extracted for the early portion and late portion of the round. Swing duration and normalized ground reaction forces (GRF) increased within a round, while hip joint power decreased. Changes in swing duration were minimal, but consistent due to an increase in overall fatigue. An increase in GRF was observed at the end of the round, which is a potential concern for injury. Hip joint power decreased primarily due to a slower angular velocity. For experienced (both kettlebell and overall resistance trained) individuals, this protocol may be beneficial towards power-training focused routines, as power was not different across rounds while also maintain large RJM values throughout the duration of the exercise.Item Brand awareness of obstacle course racing events(11/24/2020) Coffman, Kimberly A.; Weatherford, Gwendolyn M.; Picariello, ManuelaThe current study investigated brand awareness, event awareness, and event satisfaction on event purchase and purchase intentions for three major obstacle course event companies (Tough Mudder, Spartan Race, and The Warrior Dash). The study also examined the influence of consumer characteristics (demographic and past behavior) on satisfaction and the satisfaction–repurchase relationship among race participants and spectators. Using a consumer awareness theory as a basis, an online survey was developed and the link was positioned on the Mud Run Guide Facebook site to recruit subjects. Descriptive statistics were presented for consumer characteristics, past behavior, and satisfaction of the survey participants. Correlations were presented for consumer characteristics and past behavior on event awareness, event purchase, and purchase intention. The last research question examined differences in event purchase intentions for event awareness, brand recognition, and tagline recognition. The main findings of the study were that brand imaging appears to have more of an impact on consumers than taglines, consumer satisfaction with events is focused in areas of quality of obstacles (M=4.0), atmosphere of the race events (M=4.1), and consumers are least satisfied with event price (M=3.3). Additionally, the typical consumer in the study included males and females between the ages of 25-44 (n=28, 72%) that had previous sport experience. Further, most previous OCR consumers plan to participate in future events so they are a prime target market group, and therefore OCR companies may focus strongly on customer retention.Item Call and response: Trends in Capoeira Pedagogy(1/1/2014) Shilcutt, Jackie Beth; Nichols, David L.; Silliman-French, Lisa; Graham, LeslieThe purpose of this study was to inquire into the promotion of longevity within the Brazilian martial art form capoeira by investigating learning environments created by capoeira professores, with specific attention given to (1) pedagogical techniques used to pass on capoeira in a way that promotes longevity and (2) injury prevention practices present in capoeira instruction. This qualitative study utilized capoeira professores recruited amongst known teachers in the Itu community via email and word of mouth. These professores completed questionnaires, participated in oral interviews, and further discussed emerging themes and practices in a focus group. Results indicated themes of injury specific preventative stretches and strengthening, inclusion practices, pedagogical tactics, and a typical class format of warmup, stretches, specific skill work, and practice. By examining current practices, this study creates space for questions and dialogue about existing techniques and provides a comparative marker for future generations to reference.