Nutrition & Food Sciences

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11274/8856

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Browsing Nutrition & Food Sciences by Subject "Adolescents"

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    Estimation of vitamin D and calcium intake in the United States and associations with cardiovascular risk factors and adiposity measures by age, sex, parental poverty income ratio, and race/ethnicity in children and adolescents 6–18 years
    (2016-05-09) Parsons, Jennifer Breanne; Moore, Carolyn E.; Broughton, K. Shane; Hersch, Gayle Ilene; Montgomery, Diane; Warren, Cynthia; DiMarco, Nancy M.
    Estimates of vitamin D and calcium intake in the United States (US) were stratified by age, sex, parental poverty income ratio (PIR), and race/ethnicity in children (6 12 years) and adolescents (13 18 years) using the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data set (STUDY I). Self-reported vitamin D and calcium intakes via dietary and supplemental sources were assessed by a 24-hour recalls. Information on 2347 participants, aged 6 18 years, including complete demographic and an in-person 24-hour recall, were obtained from the 2007-2008 NHANES data set. To evaluate differences in vitamin D and calcium intakes originating from diet and/or supplements, and by PIR, sex, and race/ethnicity categories, least-square means and standard errors were compared by univariate analysis of variance. Less than 10% of participants reported consuming a supplement that included either vitamin D or calcium. Non-Hispanic (NH) Blacks had significantly lower total vitamin D (4.22 + 0.19 ?g/d) and total calcium (754.5 + 21.2 mg/d) intakes than Mexican Americans, Other Hispanics, and Non-Hispanic Whites (NH). Female participants had significantly lower total vitamin D (4.84 + 0.2 ?g/d) and total calcium (801.7 + 16.1 mg/d) intake than males. Total vitamin D intake was lower in the 13 18 years age group (4.96 + 0.2 ?g/d) than in the 6 12 years age group (5.55 + 0.15 ?g/d). Total calcium intake was lower in the 6 12 years age group (840.9 + 15.4 mg/d) than in the 13- 18 years age group (914.8 + 23.9 mg/d). A subgroup analysis (n=1085; 12-18y) examined vitamin D and calcium intake associations with cardiovascular risk factors and adiposity by age, sex, parental PIR, and ethnicity (STUDY II). Male participants had significantly lower concentrations of total cholesterol (154.3 mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (49.1 mg/dL), insulin (14.3uU/mL), C-reactive protein (CRP) (0.2 mg/dL), and diastolic blood pressure (59.0 mmHg). Systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in females (107.5 mmHg). Triglycerides (66.2 mg/dL) were significantly lower and HDL-C (55.1 mg/dL) was significantly higher in the NH Blacks. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in NH Whites (61.4 mmHg) and NH Blacks (61.2 mmHg). Controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and PIR (Model 3), linear regression analysis indicated a significant inverse association between vitamin D and calcium with triglycerides (p = 0.05) and hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) (p = 0.01). Controlling for sex and race/ethnicity (Model 2), linear regression analysis indicated a significant (p = 0.02) inverse association between vitamin D and calcium with waist circumference, triceps skinfold, and subscapular skinfold. Parents and nutrition professionals should encourage children and adolescents to consume an overall healthy diet including foods high in vitamin D and calcium, and to potentially help reduce adiposity, blood triglycerides, and hemoglobin A1c levels. Furthermore, food manufacturers should increase the number of fortified foods available to aid in reducing vitamin D and calcium deficiencies.
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    The effect of walnut butter product and nutrition education on weight and endothelial health in overweight adolescents
    (2024-08) Aschenberg, Lisa 1982-; Davis, Kathleen; Miketinas, Derek; Pahlavani, Mandana; Juma, Shanil
    This study investigated the effects of walnut butter (WB) consumption and nutrition education (NE) on body composition, specifically on fat to muscle mass ratio, and endothelial health, including endothelial health biomarkers vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and P-selectin in adolescents with overweight and obesity. Eighty adolescents, aged thirteen to seventeen, were recruited for this randomized-controlled, parallel, four visit study. Participants were randomized to consume 45 grams of WB for four months and receive nutrition education at baseline and midpoint visits or receive nutrition education only at baseline and midpoint visits. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure body composition. EndoPAT was used to measure endothelial function, and a fasting blood draw was collected to assess endothelial health biomarkers. Differences within and between treatments were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed ranked test. A subset of data was evaluated, as this study is still ongoing, which may have impacted results. There was no significant difference in fat to muscle mass ration between the two groups at the final visit (p = 0.342). There was no significant difference in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (g), or VAT volume (cm³) between the control (NE) and treatment (NE+WB) group at final visit (p= 0.812). There was a noted difference in reactive hyperemia index (RHI) at baseline (p=.611) and final (p=.057) between the two groups, however, these changes were not statistically significant. Although inflammatory markers were reduced from baseline to final visit in each group, these differences were not significant. The outcomes of this study did not show significant effects of a walnut butter treatment on increased muscle mass and reduced fat mass, endothelial function, or inflammatory markers.