College of Health Sciences
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Item A West Texas County Food Insecurity Survey Findings(2020-10-08) Brown, Jay; Huang, Floyd; Brown, Ji'LyndaDespite living in the world’s largest food-producing nation, children and adults face poverty and hunger in every county across America. According to Feeding America [1], more than 38 million Americans are living in poverty. More than 37 million people struggle with hunger in this country, including more than 11 million children. 1 in every 9 Americans are food insecure. The situation is even worse in the state of Texas where 1 in every 7 Texans are food insecure. This makes Texas one of just 15 states with higher food insecurity than the national average [2]. In 2018, The Tom Green County Hunger Coalition (TGCHC) conducted a Food Access Survey (FAS) to help determine areas of need regarding food assistance in the city of San Angelo, Texas. The 328 respondents were divided into two groups (Food Secure and Food Insecure) based on their responses and compared. There were significant differences found between the two groups in regards to their age, household size, housing tenure, access, and assistance.Item Abstract 145: Dietary intake and quality among stroke survivors compared to matched controls who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 1999 - 2018(Lippincott, 2023) Zoellner, Erika R.; Patterson, Mindy A.; Sharrief, Anjail Z.; Savitz, Sean I.; Tucker, Wesley J.; Miketinas, Derek C.Introduction: Nutrition is an important modifiable risk factor for the prevention and treatment of stroke. However, the examination of nutrient intake and diet quality in stroke survivors is limited. The purpose of this study was to estimate usual nutrient intake and diet quality in a nationally representative sample of US adults who have a history of stroke and compare to controls.Item Active Video Game Program for People with Type 2 Diabetes- a Pilot Study(2021-11-22) Huang, Han-Hung; Gathright, Brianna; Holik, Rachel; Iverson, Hannah; Saville, Emily; Curtis, Drew A.The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an active video game (AVG) program in physiological parameters, fitness levels, motivation to physical activity, and quality of life on people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eight T2D patients participated in the 8-week AVG program using Xbox Kinect and/or Nintendo Wii. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during exercise. Physiological and fitness assessment included hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), HR, blood pressure (BP), body mass index, body composition, aerobic and muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility. Psychological outcome measures included the Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R), Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF. Participants demonstrated a moderate level of exercise intensity during AVG based on average HR and RPE. HbA1c, BP, and lower extremity muscle strength were improved, but were not statistically significant. The changes on psychological assessment were not significant. However, most participants demonstrated positive behavior and attitudes toward health and physical activity at one-month follow-up. This pilot study demonstrated that the AVG program might be an effective and alternative way of exercise for people with T2D. A future RCT is warranted to determine the physical and psychological effects of AVG on T2D population.Item Acute effect of whole-body vibration warm-up on footspeed quickness(Wolters-Kluwer, 2016-08) Donahue, Ryan B.; Duplanty, Anthony A.; Vingren, Jakob L.; Levitt, Danielle E.; Luk, Hui-Ying; Kraemer, William J.The warm-up routine preceding a training or athletic event can affect the performance during that event. Whole-body vibration (WBV) can increase muscle performance, and thus the inclusion of WBV to the warm-up routine might provide additional performance improvements. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute effect of a WBV warm-up, using a vertical oscillating platform and a more traditional warm-up protocol on feet quickness in physically active men. Twenty healthy and physically active men (18–25 years, 22 ± 3 years, 176.8 ± 6.4 cm, 84.4 ± 11.5 kg, 10.8 ± 1.4% body fat) volunteered for this study. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to examine the effect of 4 warm-up scenarios (no warm-up, traditional warm-up only, WBV warm-up only, and combined traditional and WBV warm-up) on subsequent 3-second Quick feet count test (QFT) performance. The traditional warm-up consisted of static and dynamic exercises and stretches. The WBV warm-up consisted of 60 seconds of vertical sinusoidal vibration at a frequency of 35 Hz and amplitude of 4 mm on a vibration platform. The WBV protocol significantly (p ≤ 0.0005, η2 = 0.581) augmented QFT performance (WBV: 37.1 ± 3.4 touches; no-WBV: 35.7 ± 3.4 touches). The results demonstrate that WBV can enhance the performance score on the QFT. The findings of this study suggest that WBV warm-up should be included in warm-up routines preceding training and athletic events which include very fast foot movements.Item The acute hormonal response to free weight and machine weight resistance exercise(Wolters-Kluwer, 2014) Shaner, Aaron A.; Vingren, Jakob L.; Hatfield, Disa L.; Budnar, Ronald G., Jr.; Duplanty, Anthony A.; Hill, David W.Resistance exercise can acutely increase the concentrations of circulating neuroendocrine factors, but the effect of mode on this response is not established. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of resistance exercise selection on the acute hormonal response using similar lower-body multijoint movement free weight and machine weight exercises. Ten resistance trained men (25 ± 3 years, 179 ± 7 cm, 84.2 ± 10.5 kg) completed 6 sets of 10 repetitions of squat or leg press at the same relative intensity separated by 1 week. Blood samples were collected before (PRE), immediately after (IP), and 15 (P15) and 30 minutes (P30) after exercise, and analyzed for testosterone (T), growth hormone (GH), and cortisol (C) concentrations. Exercise increased (p ≤ 0.05) T and GH at IP, but the concentrations at IP were greater for the squat (T: 31.4 ± 10.3 nmol·L−1; GH: 9.5 ± 7.3 μg·L−1) than for the leg press (T: 26.9 ± 7.8 nmol·L−1; GH: 2.8 ± 3.2 μg·L−1). At P15 and P30, GH was greater for the squat (P15: 12.3 ± 8.9 μg·L−1; P30: 12.0 ± 8.9 μg·L−1) than for the leg press (P15: 4.8 ± 3.4 μg·L−1; P30: 5.4 ± 4.1 μg·L−1). C was increased after exercise and was greater for the squat than for the leg press. Although total work (external load and body mass moved) was greater for the squat than for the leg press, rating of perceived exertion did not differ between the modes. Free weight exercises seem to induce greater hormonal responses to resistance exercise than machine weight exercises using similar lower-body multijoint movements and primary movers.Item The acute hormonal response to the kettlebell swing exercise(Wolters-Kluwer, 2014) Duplanty, Anthony A.; Budnar, Ronald G.; Hill, David W.; McFarlin, Brian K.; Vingren, Jakob L.The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute hormonal response to the kettlebell swing exercise. Ten recreationally resistance trained men (age, 24 ± 4 years; height, 175 ± 6 cm; body mass, 78.7 ± 9.9 kg) performed 12 rounds of 30 seconds of 16 kg kettlebell swings alternated with 30 seconds of rest. Blood samples were collected before (PRE), immediately after (IP), and 15 (P15) and 30 minutes after exercise (P30) and analyzed for testosterone (T), immunoreactive growth hormone, cortisol (C), and lactate concentrations. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were measured at the end of each round. Testosterone was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) at IP than at PRE, P15, or P30 (PRE: 28 ± 3; IP: 32 ± 4; P15: 29 ± 3; P30: 27 ± 3 nmol·L−1). Growth hormone was higher at IP, P15, and P30 than at PRE (PRE: 0.1 ± 0.1; IP: 1.8 ± 1.2; P15: 2.1 ± 1.1; P30: 1.6 ± 1.3 μg·L−1). Cortisol was higher at IP and P15 than at PRE and P30 (PRE: 617 ± 266; IP: 894 ± 354; P15: 875 ± 243; P30: 645 ± 285 nmol·L−1). Lactate was higher at IP, P15, and P30 than at PRE (PRE: 1.1 ± 0.5; IP: 7.0 ± 3.0; P15: 4.0 ± 2.7; P30: 2.5 ± 1.8 mmol·L−1). Heart rate increased progressively from 57 ± 12 at PRE to 170 ± 10 at IP. The exercise protocol produced an acute increase in hormones involved in muscle adaptations. Thus, the kettlebell swing exercise might provide a good supplement to resistance training programs.Item Acute physiologic responses during alternative modes of treadmill exercise in adults with Parkinson’s Disease(American College of Sports Medicine, 2017) Levine, Nicholas; Rigby, Brandon R.; Davis, Ronald; Nichols, David; Avalos, Marco; Goudy, Leah; Moo, Patricia; Frederick, Cecil; Patterson, Desiree; Robuck, Mitchell; Guerin, Gena; Beck, Karrie; Reyes, Georgette; Patino, Doris; De La Cruz, BrendaParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by muscle tremors, rigidity and dyskinesis leading to balance and gait abnormalities that could alter physiologic responses during exercise. Locomotion on an aquatic treadmill (ATM) or anti-gravity treadmill (AGTM) may be a safe alternative to exercise on a traditional land treadmill (LTM) in those with PD.Item Acute supplementation with cannabidiol does not attenuate inflammation or improve measures of performance following strenuous exercise(MDPI, 2022) Crossland, Brett; Rigby, B. Rhett; Duplanty, Anthony A.; King, George A.; Juma, Shanil; Levine, Nicholas; Clark, Cayla E.; Ramirez, Kyndall P.; Varone, Nicole L.Supplementation with cannabidiol (CBD) may expedite recovery when consumed after exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if supplementation with CBD reduces inflammation and enhances performance following strenuous eccentric exercise in collegiate athletes. Twenty-four well-trained females (age = 21.2 ± 1.8 years, height = 166.4 ± 8 cm, weight = 64.9 ± 9.1 kg) completed 100 repetitions of unilateral eccentric leg extension to induce muscle damage. In this crossover design, participants were randomized to receive 5 mg/kg of CBD in pill form or a placebo 2 h prior to, immediately following, and 10 h following muscle damage. Blood was collected, and performance and fatigue were measured prior to, and 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h following the muscle damage. Approximately 28 days separated treatment administration to control for the menstrual cycle. No significant differences were observed between the treatments for inflammation, muscle damage, or subjective fatigue. Peak torque at 60°/s (p = 0.001) and peak isometric torque (p = 0.02) were significantly lower 24 h following muscle damage, but no difference in performance was observed between treatments at any timepoint. Cannabidiol supplementation was unable to reduce fatigue, limit inflammation, or restore performance in well-trained female athletes.Item The acute testosterone, growth hormone, cortisol and interleukin-6 response to 164-km road cycling in a hot environment(Taylor & Francis, 2015) Duplanty, Anthony A.; Vingren, Jakob L.; Budnar, Ronald G.; McKenzie, Amy L.; Luk, Hui-Ying; Levitt, Danielle E.; Armstrong, Lawrence E.This study investigated the acute endocrine responses to a 164-km road cycling event in a hot environment. Thirty-four male experienced cyclists (49.1 ± 8.3 years, 86.8 ± 12.5 kg, 178.1 ± 5.1 cm) participating in a 164-km road cycling event were recruited. Blood samples were collected within 0.3–2.0 h before the start (PRE: ~0500–0700 h) and immediately following the ride (POST). Samples were analysed for testosterone, growth hormone (GH), cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The temperature and humidity during the event were 35.3 ± 4.9°C and 47.2 ± 14.0%, respectively. Based on the finishing time, results for the fastest (FAST, 305 ± 10 min) and the slowest (SLOW, 467 ± 31 min) quartiles were compared. At POST, testosterone concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower (PRE, 20.8 ± 8.6; POST, 18.2 ± 6.7 nmol · L−1), while GH (PRE, 0.3 ± 0.1; POST, 2.3 ± 0.3 µg · L−1), cortisol (PRE, 661 ± 165; POST, 1073 ± 260 nmol · L−1) and IL-6 (PRE, 4.0 ± 3.4; POST, 22.4 ± 15.2 pg · mL−1) concentrations were significantly higher than those at PRE. At POST, GH and cortisol were significantly higher for the FAST group than for the SLOW group (GH, 3.6 ± 2.0 and 1.0 ± 0.8 µg · L−1; cortisol, 1187 ± 209 and 867 ± 215 nmol · L−1). Participation in an ultra-endurance road cycling event in a hot environment induced significant acute changes in concentrations of circulating hormones, with a greater augmentation of GH and cortisol in those completing the ride fastest.Item Adaptive goal setting and financial incentives: a 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial to increase adults’ physical activity(BMC, 2017) Adams, Marc A.; Hurley, Jane C.; Todd, Michael; Bhuiyan, Nishat; Jarrett, Catherine L.; Tucker, Wesley J.; Hollingshead, Kevin E.; Angadi, Siddhartha S.Background: Emerging interventions that rely on and harness variability in behavior to adapt to individual performance over time may outperform interventions that prescribe static goals (e.g., 10,000 steps/day). The purpose of this factorial trial was to compare adaptive vs. static goal setting and immediate vs. delayed, non-contingent financial rewards for increasing free-living physical activity (PA).Item Adding resistance training to the standard of care for inpatient substance abuse treatment in men with human immunodeficiency virus improves skeletal muscle health without altering cytokine concentrations(Wolters-Kluwer, 2018) Duplanty, Anthony A.; Vingren, Jakob L.; Curtis, John H.; Levitt, Danielle E.; Lee, Elaine C.; McFarlin, Brian K.; Hill, David W.Substance abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can independently lead to myopathy and related inflammatory alterations; importantly, these effects seem to be additive. Resistance training (RT) can improve muscle health in people living with HIV (PLWH), but the efficacy of this intervention has not been examined for PLWH recovering from substance abuse. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of RT on muscle health markers (mass, strength, and power) and basal circulating biomarkers for men living with HIV undergoing substance abuse treatment. Men living with HIV undergoing 60-day inpatient substance abuse treatment completed either RT (3×/wk) or no exercise training (control) for 6 weeks. Muscle mass, strength, and power, and fasting circulating cytokines (interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1, and cortisol were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week period. Both groups received the standard of care for HIV and substance abuse treatment determined by the inpatient facility. Muscle mass, strength, and power increased (p ≤ 0.05) from PRE to POST for RT but were unchanged for control. No differences were found for circulating biomarkers. Adding RT to the standard of care for substance abuse treatment improved aspects of muscle health (mass, strength, and power) in men living with HIV. These improvements are associated with a lower risk of a number of health conditions. Therefore, practitioners should consider implementing RT interventions as part of substance abuse treatment programs in this population to help manage long-term health.Item Aerobic exercise in people with multiple sclerosis(Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers, 2013) Swank, Chad; Thompson, Mary; Medley, AnnThe aims of this study were to explore the feasibility of structured aerobic exercise followed by a period of unstructured physical activity and determine the impact of such exercise on cognition, mood, and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). A convenience sample of 9 individuals with relapsing-remitting MS performed 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (upper- and lower-extremity ergometry and treadmill ambulation) twice weekly for 8 weeks, followed by 3 months of unstructured physical activity. Eight participants completed the intervention and posttest; 6 returned for the 3-month follow-up. Cardiovascular fitness, cognition, mood (measured with the Beck Depression Inventory–II; BDI-II), and quality of life (measured with the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life–54; MSQOL-54) were assessed. Participants completed 27.9 minutes of exercise per session, with an 85.1% attendance rate. Evaluation using the Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed no deleterious effects and improved results on the BDI-II and MSQOL-54 mental subscale. Analysis of change scores using the one-sample t test revealed that the BDI-II and MSQOL-54 were changed from zero after structured exercise, but only the BDI-II maintained improvement after unstructured physical activity. Further analysis of BDI-II subscales revealed that improvement occurred only in the Somato-Affective subscale. In this study, program feasibility was demonstrated in several ways. There were no declines in cognitive function over the 5-month period. Despite unchanged cognitive function, participants may value the improved mood enough to continue both the structured and unstructured physical activity. The role of unstructured physical activity in concert with periodic structured exercise programs merits further investigation.Item Alcohol after resistance exercise does not affect muscle power recovery [abstract only](Lippincott, 2020) Duplanty, Anthony A.; Levitt, Danielle E.; Idemudia, Nosakhare O.; Cregar, Carianne M.; Hill, David W.; Vingren, Jakob L.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of alcohol consumed after heavy eccentric resistance exercise on measures of muscle power. After familiarization and an initial eccentric exercise bout to control for the “repeated-bout effect,” ten recreationally resistance-trained men completed two identical heavy eccentric squat bouts (4 sets of 10 repetitions at 110% of concentric 1-repetition maximum) one week apart. Each exercise bout was followed by ingestion of a beverage containing either alcohol (1.09 g ethanol[BULLET OPERATOR]kg-1 fat-free body mass) or no alcohol (placebo; volume of alcohol replaced with water). Vertical jump (VJ) peak power, VJ peak force, VJ jump height, change-of-direction ability (shuttle run), sprint acceleration (sprint test), and muscle soreness were measured before (PRE), 24 hrs after (24H), and 48 hrs after (48H) each eccentric exercise bout. Although the exercise bout resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) decreased VJ peak power at 24H, significantly decreased VJ jump height at 24H, and significantly increased muscle soreness at 24H and 48H, consuming alcohol after the exercise bout did not affect any of the performance outcome measures. When consumed after a non-novel heavy eccentric resistance exercise bout, alcohol did not affect soreness or recovery of muscular power. Practitioners can use this information to advise their athletes with regards to responsible alcohol use after non-novel exercise. Although short-term anaerobic performance does not appear compromised as a result of acute post-exercise alcohol ingestion, practitioners and athletes should be aware of potential long-term effects of such alcohol use.Item Anaerobic performance in female collegiate wrestlers during ovulation versus the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: A pilot study(TopSCHOLAR®, 2023) Varone, Nicole; Clark, Cayla; Morse, Colby; Mallillin, Joseph; Flores, Alyssa; Kreutzer, Andreas; Rigby, Brandon R.; Biggerstaff, KyleAnaerobic performance may vary during different phases of the menstrual cycle. The greatest differences occur between the late-follicular phase (i.e., ovulation) and the mid-luteal phase. Optimal anaerobic performance may be observed during the mid-luteal phase.Item Analysis of a vowel database(Canadian Acoustical Association, 2008) Assmann, Peter F.; Nearey, Terrance M.; Bharadwaj, SnehaThe perceptual effects of upward and downward scaling of the formats in combination with changes in geometric mean fundamental frequency was investigated. A database of recordings from adults and children from the Dallas, Texas region was collected. A systematic relationship between the geometric mean of the format frequencies across all of the vowels for a given speaker and the geometric mean fundamental frequency was found. Vowels were recorded in hVd words, both in isolation and in a carrier sentence. Recordings were carried out over a 2.5-year period at the University of Texas at Dallas. Each recorded token was produced following a screen prompt that displayed the orthographic representation of the hVd word or sentence, along with an audio example spoken by an adult female from the Dallas area. It was observed that the geometric mean increases linearly with the geometric mean of the formant frequencies when data for males and females are combined.Item An analysis of health care team communication needs among younger vs older breast cancer survivors: Web-based survey(JMIR Publications, 2022) Dahlke, Deborah; Yoshikawa, Aya; McAdam, Molly; Malatok, Sharyn; Gonzales, Elaine D.Background: Prior studies indicate that the age of onset of breast cancer is an important element in considering communication between patients and the health care team. Younger women aged 45 and under diagnosed with breast cancer are often at a higher risk of being more vulnerable to psychosocial issues compared to older women aged 46 years and above. Few studies have examined age differences in patient perceptions of treatment-related discussion and communication during transition with their health care team.Item Antioxidant properties of Maillard reaction products derived from shrimp shell chitosan and xylose, fructose or glucose(New Century Health Publishers, 2019) Nie, Peng; Wei, Qing-Jun; Thakur, Kiran; Hu, Fei; Prasad, Chandan; Wei, Zhao-JunUnder certain conditions, chitosans can react with different types of reducing sugars to form various final Maillard reaction products (MRPs). In this study, the optimal reaction conditions were selected, and three different final MRPs (xylose-MRPs, fructose-MRPs, glucose-MRPs) were analyzed. The structure of the three MRPs was analyzed using fluorescence, ultraviolet, and infrared spectroscopic methods, and then the antioxidant activities of the three MRPs were determined. The results showed that the three MRPs have similar structure and function, and the antioxidant activities between them have certain regularity. Antioxidant activities were ranked as follows: xylose-MRPs>fructose-MRPs>glucose-MRPs, and this order was inversely proportional to their reaction time, that is, shorter the reaction time, higher the antioxidant activity, while longer the reaction time, lower the antioxidant activity.Item Applying the standards of education of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists to selected occupational therapy educational programs in the United States(2007-05) Amerih, HusnyIn higher education, accreditation has been used to maintain the quality of education at universities and their schools by setting standards of education. Both the World Federation of Occupational Therapists and the Accreditation Council of Occupational Therapy Education set standards of occupational therapy (OT) education so that educational programs can graduate practitioners with the needed “tools” for effective practice in OT. To explore the issue of differences and commonalities between the ACOTE and the WFOT standards of education, and how they may affect graduating therapists, three studies were conducted. The first study consisted of a literature review related to: higher education in the United States, occupational therapy standards of education in the US, the World Federation of Occupational Therapists’ standards of education, the cross-countries challenges and adaptation of foreign healthcare workers. The Second Study applied the WFOT Revised Standards of occupational therapy education to a selected sample of OT schools in the US, to investigate to what extent do OT schools in the US meet the WFOT Standards? And to what extent do OT curricula in the US emphasize the substantial knowledge, skills and attitudes outlined in the WFOT Revised Standards? Five OT Schools in the US participated. On average, all the universities covered 87% of the WFOT competencies at the Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude levels, ranging from 77% to 90%. The universities combined coverage to Knowledge was 88%, Skills was 85%, and Attitudes was 80%. The third study explored the challenges and adaptation of occupational therapists who practice in foreign countries; the perceptions of occupational therapists to their readiness to practice OT in a different country. Seven occupational therapists were interviewed. Three main themes emerged from analyzing the interviews, they were: general challenges while working in a foreign country; OT-related challenges; and issues related to occupational therapy education, several subthemes emerged as well. This dissertation contributed to OT literature by comparing standards of education of the ACOTE and the WFOT. Also by bringing attention to the challenges that occupational therapists face when moving to foreign countries and how they adapt to these challenges.Item Appropriate physical education service for ALL students(Texas Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (TAHPERD), 2007) French, Ron; Silliman-French, Lisa; Buswell, DeborahWhere as, all students, including those with disabilities, deserve appropriate, safe, and meaningful physical education instructional programs as identified by Texas Education Agency (2006) and that are reflected in the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE, 2005) standards.Item Aroma and flavor profile of raw and roasted Agaricus bisporus mushrooms using a panel trained with aroma chemicals(Elsevier, 2020) Du, Xiaofen; Sissons, Joanna; Shanks, Marcus; Plotto, AnneAgaricus bisporus is the most commonly consumed edible mushroom in the US, but research on its sensory properties is limited. This study characterized aroma and flavor of three raw and roasted A. bisporus mushrooms (white, crimini, and portobello) using quantitative descriptive analysis. Sixteen sensory attributes were chosen and included definitions and reference standards prepared with chemical solutions representing aromas perceived in the samples. All three raw A. bisporus possessed key sensory characters of mushroom, earthy, hay, soybean, potato, and woody aroma and flavors. Raw portobello and crimini had significantly higher (p < 0.05) flavor intensities in mushroom, earthy, dark meat, woody, and cabbage flavors, umami and bitterness taste, than white. When roasted, sensory profiles significantly (p < 0.05) shifted to dark meat, roasted, and fried notes, and portobello showed the highest intensity in dark meat flavor. Conversely, hay, woody, and earthy notes decreased in all roasted mushrooms. The results contribute to the growing body of research on mushroom sensory properties and potential use in savory products. The reference solutions could be adopted by other researchers or industry peers for A. bisporus sensory evaluation.